- Cherrapunji, India receives extremely heavy rainfall annually but faces acute water shortages. - Deforestation has caused soil erosion and reduced the forests' ability to absorb and slowly release rainwater. - Without forests or reservoirs to store rainwater, the heavy rains wash away topsoil and water supplies are erratic.

2. Population
 Population may be defined as a group of organisms of
the same species occupying a particular space.

3. Population

4. Population Explosion/Crash
 If the population of a species increase suddenly, it
is called population explosion
 If population of an organism decrease suddenly, it
is called population crash.

5. Causes of Population Explosion(Dhameja)
 Increase in food production and distribution
 Improvement in public health (water and sanitation)
and
 Medical technology (vaccines and antibodies) along
with gain in education and standard of living within
many developing nations
 Due to all this reason death rate decrease and
improving quality of life for most people

6. Effects of Population Explosion
 Overstress of Natural Resources
 As the population increases, more resources are
needed to meet basic requirements. To meet these
requirements more and more natural resources
like water, land forest etc. has to be explore. More
forest must be cut down to provide w wood for
housing and fuel. More land is needed for
agriculture and development. More water is
required for drinking, irrigation and industrial
purpose.

7. Effects of Population Explosion
 Increase in demand of food
 As the population increase , the demand of food will reach
unprecedented levels. As the food production can not be
increased beyond certain limits due shortage of agriculture
land and water. This will result is stravation in some region.

8. Effects of Population Explosion
 Over production of waste
 Overpopulation result in generation of more sewage,
industrial effluents and solid waste . Discharge of these
wastes result in ecological imbalance

9. Effects of Population Explosion
 Other effects
 Unemployment
 Low living standards of people(Poor medical,
educational and other facilities)
 Pressure on agricultural land
 Low per capita income
 High crime rate
 Environmental damage
 Migration to urban area in search of job
 Energy crisis
 Over crowding of cities leads to development of slums

10. Control of Population Explosion
 Education : Literacy plays a major role in checking
population growth. Improving literacy rate particularly
in women can help in population control.
 Education helps in reducing the impact of religious
and social belief which are responsible for population
growth (for example more craze for male child)
 Education also increase awareness for the different
methods to control population(family planning)
 Government Benefits : The government benefits
should be allowed only for those having smaller
families. The families having more than specified
number of children should be denied for such benefits

12. Control of Population Explosion
 Publicity : The importance of birth control, method
for family planning , the significance of small family
and related information should be published through
various media, school books and other sources
 Incentives : Certain incentives in the form of
scholarships to children, subsidies, exemption from
tax, promotion in job etc. to smaller families should be
offered.

13. Urbanization
 Growth in proportion of a population living in urban area is
called urbanization.
 Migration from rural area to urban area is also called
urbanization.
 People migrate to bigger urban centres to seek jobs and other
social services such as health and education
 Environmental & Socio Economic problems due to
Urbanization
 Demand for dwelling place
 Overcrowding
 Pressure on medical & other services
 Increase crime
 Exploitation of ground and surface resources
 Air pollution
 Generation of solid & liquid waste
 Pressure on habitants of wild and domesticated animals

14. Water Resources: Sources of water
 Sources of water
 Surface sources
 Pond
 Lake
 Stream
 River – Perennial River & Non perennial River
 Storage Reservoir

16. Water Resources: Sources of water
 Ponds –Natural small sized depression formed within
the surface of earth, when get filled up with water is
known as pond
 Lake : A natural large sized depression formed within
the surface of earth, when get filled up with water is
known as Lake.
 Stream : In hilly regions, generally small amount of
water run off towards the earth. The small run off are
known as streams. The stream feed their water to
lakes or rivers.

17. Water Resources: Sources of water
 River : Rivers are born from the hills when number
of streams combine together. Rivers are most
important sources of water for public water supply
scheme.
 Two kind of river- Perennial river & Non Perennial
river
 Perennial River – Which runs through out the year.
 Non Perennial River – Which runs only for some part
of the year.

18. Sources of water
 Ground Water Sources
 Springs- Artesian spring
 Infilteration galleries
 Well – Open well or Dug well
 Tube well
Artesian well
Radial well or French well

19. Sources of water
 Dug or Open well : Open well are generally open
masonary wells, having bigger diameters and are
suitable for low discharge of 1-5 lit/second.
 The diameter of open wells generally vary from 2 to 9
mt and generally less than 20 mt in depth. The yield of
an open well is limited because it can be excavated
only to a limited depth where the ground water storage
is limited

21. Dug Well or Open Well

22. Sources of water
 Tube well : It is long pipe or tube. It is bored or drilled
deep in to the ground , intercepting one or more water
bearing stratum.
 In tube well larger discharge can be obtained by
getting higher velocity as well as larger cross section
area of the water bearing stratum

23. Tube Well

25. Infiltration gallery

26. Infilteration gallery
 Infilteration galleries are horizontal tunnels
constructed at shallow depth( 3 to 5 mt) along the
bank of river through the water bearing strata
 The galleries are generally constructed of masonary
walls with roof slab and derive their water from the
aquifer by various porous drain pipes. These pipe are
generally covered with gravel so as to prevent the entry
of fine sand particles in to the pipe.
 These tunnel are generally laid at slope and the water
collected in them is taken to sump well from where it
is pumped, treated and distributed to the consumer

27. Artesian Spring

29. Artesian Spring
 When pervious layer is sandwich between two
impervious layers in the form of valley , then the
artesian spring comes in to existence.
 The water comes out under pressure

30. Artesian well or artesian aquifer

31. Artesian well or artesian aquifer
 When well is constructed in pervious layer which is
bound between two impervious layer, the water come
on the surface with some pressure at which it is stored
in the layer

32. Radial well or French well

33. Radial well or French well
 It is special type of well in which surface water is
collected from river bed . A natural or radial
perforated pipes are laid with slope towards centre
below the bed level of river.
 All well will collect the water at the centre and then it
is pumped out with the help of pump.

35. Stress on water Resources
 Water is used by every living organism on the earth.
 Population growth has created much demand of water
 In some area the demand for water already exceeds
nature’s supply and growing number of countries are
expected to face water shortage in the future
 Expansion of business activity ranging from
industrialization to services such as tourism and
entertainment continues to expand rapidly
 This expansion requires increased water services
including both supply and sanitation, which can led to
more pressure on water resources and natural
ecosystem

36. Stress on water Resources
 Many of the worlds major aquifers are becoming
depleted
 This is due to direct human consumption as well as
agricultural irrigation by ground water
 Due to rapid urbanization more people move towards
urban areas which leads to overuse of water.

37. What is rain water harvesting
 It simply means catching and holding rain where it
falls and using it. You can store it in tanks or you can
use it to recharge groundwater
 Why we need rain water harvesting in India
 Water availability per capita has been on decline in
India
 Ground water sources are getting depleted or getting
polluted
 It encourage water conservation and self dependence

38. What is rain water harvesting
 In many places ground water quality is not good. In
such place rain water harvesting can provide lifeline
water for survival and more
 It makes ecological and financial sense not to waste a
pure natural resources available in large quantity on
one’s roof

39. Overuse of water
 Water is used by every living organism on the earth .
 Water requirement for man is maximum on the earth.
 Population growth has created much demand of water
 In some area the demand for water supply exceed
nature’s supply
 rapid urbanization, industrialization leads to overuse
of water in urban area

40. Overuse of water
 Problem due to overuse or over exploitation of
surface water :
 Decrease in flow of water in stream & river
 Drying of lakes & ponds particularly in summer
 Reduction in the surface area of wet lands
 Migration of people from place of overexploited water
resources
 Water logging
 Contamination of water bodies due to reduction in
assimilating capacity of rivers

41. Overuse of water
 Problem due to overuse or over exploitation of
ground water :
 Lowering down the water table of those areas which
may cause subsidence problem of soil
 Drying of open well , particularly in summer
 Depletion of water in aquifers due to heavy pumping
 Decrease in the production due to scarcity of irrigation
water
 Intrusion of salt water & desertification of soil in
coastal area
 Migration of people from place of overexploited water
resources

42. The story of Cherapunji
 Cherapunji is a subdivisional town in the East
Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of
Meghalaya.
 It is credited as being the wettest place on Earth
 Despite perennial rainfall, Cherrapunji faces an
acute water shortage and the inhabitants often
have to trek very long distances to obtain potable
water

43. Cherapunji

44. Cherapunji

45. Cherapunji
 The Meghalaya state government has renamed
Cherrapunjee back to its original name, "Sohra".
 It holds two Guinness world records for receiving
the maximum amount of rainfall in a single year:
26,471 millimetres (1,042.2 in) of rainfall between
August 1860 and July 1861 and for receiving the
maximum amount of rainfall in a single month:
9,300 millimetres (370 in) in July 1861

46. Cherapunji
 Occasionally, cloudbursts can occur in one part of
Cherrapunji while other areas may be totally or
relatively dry, reflecting the high spatial variability of
the rainfall. Atmospheric humidity is extremely high
during the peak monsoon period.
 A notable feature of monsoon rain at Cherrapunji is
that most of it falls in the morning.
 Soils on the plateau are poor owing
to deforestation and washout caused by heavy rains.
Owing to winter droughts, the vegetation in this
location is even xerophytic in spite of the fame of
Cherrapunji as an extremely wet place.

47. Cherapunji
 How is it that not a drop of the rain remains to quench
the thirst of the people? The answer of this lies in the
destruction of forests.
 Once upon a time, the hills around Cherrapunji were
full of dense forests. These forests soaked up the heavy
rain and released it slowly the rest of the year. Over the
years, however, the forests were cut down. The heavy
rains washed away the topmost fertile soil turning the
slopes into deserts

48. Cherapunji
 There is no reservoir to store the water. For over twenty
year, the residents have depended on a piped water
supply that comes from afar. That supply is erratic
 This whole story shows how important it is to have
forests that would slow down the flow of rainwater and
protect the topsoil, especially in the hills.