trans boundary and haze.ppt

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• DEFINITION OF HAZE
• INTRODUCTION OF TRANSBOUNDRY HAZE
• HEALTH IMPACTS OF HAZE ON POPULATION
• HAZE IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT & ECONOMY
• CURRENT POLICY AND STRATEGY

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WHAT IS HAZE?
• Haze is defined as the presence of fine particles - dispersed at a high
concentration through a portion of the atmosphere that diminishes the
horizontal visibility, giving the atmosphere a characteristic opalescent
appearance. [1]
• Haze consists of sufficient smoke, dust, moisture, & vapour suspended
in air to impair visibility.[2]
1. MMS. 1995. Report on Air Quality in Malaysia as Monitored by the Malaysian Meteorological Service 1994. Technical Note No. 55, Malaysian Meteorologi
cal Service. Jalan Sultan, 46667 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
2. ASEAN Haze Action Online. http://haze.asean.org/about-us/information-on-fire-and-haze/

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HEARD OF PM10 & PM2.5?
• “Coarse” particulate
• matters > 2.5 micrometers.
• “Fine” particles are less
• than 2.5 micrometers.
2. http://www.irceline.be/en/documentation/faq/what-is-pm10-and-pm2.5

WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide, 2005

POLLUTION STANDARDS INDEX (PSI)
 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
developed PSI to provide accurate, timely and easily understand
able information about daily air quality.
 The PSI is compute based on the 24 hour average of PM2.5
concentration levels, among other pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2,
O3 and CO)

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AIR POLLUTANT INDEX (API)
•Falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Environment (DOE) In Malaysia.
•It is calculated based on 5 major air pollutants:
Source: Department of Environment, Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment & Climate Change, Malaysia.

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HAZE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
https://fires.globalforestwatch.org/map Data updated on 12 Nov 2018

• Density and extent is so great at source that it remains at measurable levels after crossing into
another country’s air space.[1]
• Transboundary haze in Southeast Asia has been recorded since 1972.[2]
• Caused by illegal agricultural fires due to industrial-scale slash-and-burn
practices in Indonesia (provinces of South Sumatra, Riau and Kalimantan).[3]
• Large-scale forest and land fires high concentration of particulate matter & reduces visibility.
• The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees.[4]
• Longest residence time (up to weeks) in the atmosphere and travel extensive distances
(hundreds To thousands of kilometers).
• Elimination is mainly due to rain.
2. Lee, Min Kok. "Haze in Singapore: A problem dating back 40 years". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
3. Soeriaatmadja, Wahyudi. "Minister blasts execs of firm that denied burning forest". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015
4. "Why is South-East Asia's annual haze so hard to deal with?". The Economist. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
TRANS-BOUNDARY HAZE IN ASEAN

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WHY ARE WE SUSCEPTIBLE TO HAZE?
• Peat soils fires is a major contributor.
• 60% of the world’s tropical peatlands are found in Southeast Asia.
• Indonesia has about 70% of the region’s peatlands.
• Drainage and unsustainable management practices have made peatlands
vulnerable to fire.
• Dried peat soil can easily burn and difficult to suppress as they occur
under the ground.
• Produces very thick smoke haze and release a high amount of carbon.
Source: ASEAN Haze Action Online. http://haze.asean.org/about-us/information-on-fire-and-haze/

https://www.clean-heat.eu/en/background/particulate-matter.html

Specific Air Pollutants and Associated Health Effects
Pollutants Health
CO •Reduction in the ability of the circulatory system to
transport O2
•Irritation to nose and throat
•Aggravation of cardiovascular disease
NO2 Increased susceptibility to respiratory pathogens
O3 (ozone) •Decrement in pulmonary function Coughing; chest
discomfort
•Increased asthma attacks
SO2 •Increased prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases
•Increased risk of acute respiratory diseases
Plumbum Anaemia & reduce kidney function
Source : Stern, 1984 &Pelan Tindakan Pengurusan Jerebu Julai 2006

Physical health effects of haze in ASEAN
countries
higher frequency of mouth or throat discomfort cases among the
subjects during the haze period
Ho et al. (2014)
nose discomfort (64.1%), eye discomfort (60.7%), headache
(50.3%) and breathing difficulty (40.3%)
Yeo et al. (2014) exacerbated atopic dermatitis cases
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Tan et al. (2000)
Ho et al. (2014)

Respiratory Morbidity
Brunei - bronchial disorders such as
asthma, bronchitis and emphysema had a statistically
significant increase
reported increased asthma hospitalizations due
to chronic PM10 exposure
School children -in Malaysia particularly girls, experienced
significant reductions in pulmonary function parameters
during and after the haze episode
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Chew et al. (1995)
Hashim et al. (1998)
significant increase of respiratory diseases such as rhinitis (26%),
asthma (19%) and upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) (12%) usin
g computerized health surveillance data -peak haze periods
(Emmanuel 2000)
Odihi (2001)

Cardiovascular Morbidity
risk of cardiovascular morbidity due to haze exposure.
death risk CVD -elderly above 65 years old is twice as high
after the direct exposure to the severe haze episodes
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(Sastry 2002)
Sastry (2002)

Cancer Risk
concentration of cadmium and nickel exceeded the
standards set by (WHO)  adverse health outcomes
estimated increase cancer risk among (above 18 years old)
in Kuala Lumpur during haze period compared to pre- and
post-haze periods of 2016
4
Sulong et al. (2017)
Betha et al.
(2013) (2014)

Other Health Effects
On Central Nervous System:
Dense metals causes memory disturbances, anger, sleep
disorders, fatigue, blurred vision, hand tremors, slurred
speech, brain cancer and impaired mental development in
children
Digestive and urinary system
kidney impairment and increase the danger of stone
formation and renal cancer
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Boffetta et al. 1993;
Vamvakas et al. 1993
Exposure during pregnancy
low birth weight and preterm delivery ,dioxins passing
through the placenta, affects development of newborn CNS
(Emmanuel 2000)
Kampa et al 2008

 Mild to moderate psychological stress
 Recurrent thinking & negative feelings about haze
 Feeling of irritability, poor concentration, insomnia
Psychological impact
Ramakreshnan, L., Aghamohammadi, N., Fong, C.S. et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2018) 25: 2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0860-y

Mortality
rise in mortality -during 1997 Southeast Asian wildfire with an
upward shift detected mainly (65 and 74 years old)
incremental risk of respiratory mortality among all
male residents, especially above 60 years during
acute exposure
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Sahani et al. (2014)
(Sastry 2002)

Environmental impact
 Rises in rainfall
& temperature
 Worsens global
warming
 Inhibits photosynthesis
 Reducing forests ability
to absorb carbon
Haze
Fire - deforestation
Islam M, Hui Pei Y, Mangharam S (2016) Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability through Plural Environmental Governance. Sustainability 8:499
Human induced warming reached 1.0 – 1.5∘C
above pre- industrial levels in 2017
(IPCC special report on climate change)

 More people fell ill
 Higher medical fees & work absenteeism
 Work productivity loss
 Declining tourism & recreation (US$136.6–US$210.5 million loss in Singapore
tourism sector)
 Schools & business were shut
 Flights delayed/ cancelled
 Lack of food & water (in Kalimantan)
Economic impact
Islam M, Hui Pei Y, Mangharam S (2016) Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability through Plural Environmental Governance. Sustainability 8:499

Department of Environmental, Singapore

1. 1995 ASEAN Cooperation Plan on Transboundary Pollution
2. The Haze Technical Task Force 1995
3. 1997 Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP)
4. 2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
(Haze Agreement)
5. 2006 Sub-Regional Ministerial Steering Committee (MSC) on
Transboundary Haze Pollution
6. 2016 Conference of Parties to ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
Haze Pollution
7. ASEAN Charter
REGIONAL INITIATIVES

ASEAN AGGREMENT ON TRANSBOUNDRY
HAZE POLLUTION,
The ASEAN Secretariat

AATHP
ASEAN
Countries
whom Ratify
https://haze.asean.org/asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-2/

• Prevent and monitor transboundary haze
pollution as a result of land and/or forest fires
• Mitigated, through concerted national efforts
and intensified regional and international
co-operation.
Objectives
ASEAN AGREEMENT ON TRANSBOUNDRY HAZE POLLUTION, The ASEAN Secretariat

1. Monitoring
2. Assessment
3. Prevention
4. Preparedness
5. National and joint emergency response
6. Procedures for deployment of people, materials
and equipment across borders
7. Technical cooperation & scientific research
The Agreement contains measures on

1) Each Party shall take appropriate measures to monitor:
- all fire prone areas,
- all land and/or forest fires,
- the environmental conditions conducive to such land
and/or forest fires
- haze pollution arising from such land and/or forest fires.
2) The Parties, in the event that there are fires, shall initiate
immediate action to control or to put out the fires.
1) Monitoring

1. Each Party shall ensure that its National Monitoring
Centre, communicates to the ASEAN Centre, data
regarding the area monitoring.
2. The ASEAN Centre shall receive, consolidate and
analyze the data
3. ASEAN Centre shall, provide to each Party, an
assessment of risks to human health or the environment
transboundary haze pollution
2) Assessment

Each Party shall undertake measures to prevent & control activities including:
3) Prevention
1. Developing and implementing legislative measures, as well as strategies to
promote zero burning policy
2. Developing other appropriate policies to curb activities that may lead to land
and/or forest fires;
3. Identifying and monitoring areas prone for land and/or forest fires;
4. Strengthening local fire management and firefighting capability
5. Promoting public education and awareness
6. Promoting and utilizing knowledge and practices in fire prevention and
management
7. Ensuring that legislative, administrative and/or other relevant measures are taken
to control open burning and to prevent land clearing using fire

1. Develop strategies and response plans to identify, manage
and control risks to human health and the environment
arising from land and/or forest fires and related haze
pollution arising from such fires.
2. Prepare standard operating procedures for regional
co-operation and national action required under this
Agreement
4 ) Preparedness

2. In Malaysia stated in MKN (Arahan 20, Perkara 4)
3. Assistance can be requested through Asean Centre
5 ) National & Joint Emergency
response
1. Each Party shall ensure that appropriate legislative,
administrative and financial measures are taken to
mobilize equipment, materials, human and financial
resources required to respond to and mitigate the impact
of land and/or forest fires and haze pollution arising from
such fires.

• The requesting Party shall specify the scope and type of
assistance required
• The requesting or receiving Party shall exercise the overall
direction, control, co-ordination and supervision of the
assistance within its territory
6) Deployment of people, materials
and equipment across borders

1. Mobilization of appropriate resources within and outside the Parties;
2. Standardization of the reporting format of data and information;
3. Arrangements for relevant training, education and awareness-raising
campaigns
4. Develop or establish techniques on controlled burning and to exchange and
share experiences on controlled burning practices;
5. Facilitate exchange of experience and relevant information among
enforcement authorities of the Parties;
6. Promote the development of markets for the utilization of biomass and
appropriate methods for disposal of agricultural wastes;
7. Develop training programs for firefighters and trainers to be trained at local,
national and regional levels
8. Strengthen and enhance the technical capacity of the Parties to implement this
Agreement.
7) Technical cooperation

Support scientific and technical research
programmes related:
• to the root causes
• consequences of transboundary haze pollution
• the means, methods, technique and equipment for land
and/or forest fire management, including fire fighting.
Scientific Research

ROADMAP ON ASEAN COOPERATION TOWARDS TRANSBOUNDARY
HAZE POLLUTION CONTROL WITH MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
4
6
ROADMAP ON ASEAN COOPERATION TOWARDS
TRANSBOUNDARY HAZE POLLUTION CONTROL

Strategy 1: Implementation of the ASEAN
Agreement on Trans boundary Haze Pollution
(AATHP):
• Establish ACC (ASEAN Coordinating Centre).
• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Monitoring,
Assessment and Joint Emergency Response.
• Enhance Appropriate Measures in Monitoring, Assessment and
Early Warning Systems to Prevent Trans boundary Haze
Pollution.
• Enhance contributions to the ASEAN Haze Fund.

STRATEGY 2: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF
PEATLANDS FOR PEATLANDS FIRE PREVENTION
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8
Source: Roadmap on ASEAN Cooperation Towards Transboundary Haze Pollution Control with Means of Implementation, ASEAN (2016).

Plan of Actions:
1)Inventories’ all peat land areas.
2)Intensify implementation of APMS and National Action Plans on Peatlands.
3)Promote integrated water resources and peatland management using as basin-wid
e approach and avoiding fragmentation.
4)Implementation of zero-burning for all peatlands and allow controlled-burning only
n exceptional cases
5)Ensure effective prevention and rapid deployment of resources and early
suppression of peat land fires (following ASEAN Guidelines on Peat land Fire Manag
ement)
1)Rehabilitate degraded and fire-prone peat lands by focusing on root causes of fire
2)Conserve priority peat land areas
ASEAN Peatland Management Strategies

STRATEGY 3: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
LAND AND FOREST TO PREVENT LARGE SCALE FOREST AND
LAND FIRES
50
STRATEGY 4: STRENGTHEN POLICIES, LAWS, REGULATIONS
& THE IMPLEMENTATION

STRATEGY 5: ENHANCE COOPERATION, EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION &
TECHNOLOGY, AND STRENGTHENING OF CAPACITY OF INSTITUTIONS
AT ALL LEVEL
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REGIONAL / SUB-REGIONAL / NATIONAL / PROVINCIAL / LOCAL

STRATEGY 8: REDUCING HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
RISKS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
53
• Review relevant information and establish common database on impacts of ha
ze on public health
• Undertake assessment and monitoring of the health, economic, social and en
vironmental impacts of haze including climate change/global warming.
• Introduce health risk reduction measures (such as masks, warnings, ev
acuation plan)
• Increase public awareness about the impacts of haze pollution on health.
▪ To contribute towards ASEAN Socio-Cultural Commu
nity Blueprint 2025 vision & advocacy to the global
environment
▪ FOCUS: reducing health and environmental risks and pr
otecting global environment from haze pollution arising
from land and forest fires

National Policy
Environmental Quality Act (Declared Activities) (Open Burning) 2003
National Haze Action plan
Fire Services Act 1988
Environmental Quality Act (Clean Air) Regulation, 1978
Zero Burning Policy of Oil Palm Cultivation

Malaysian Strategies
1) Control of Sources
• Open and Forest Fire
• Prevention
• Check Dam & Tube Well
• Control of Open Burning – Total ban on open burning & controlled
open burning
• Surveillance System
• Increase of Fire Fighting Capability
• Control of Mobile Emissions
• Control of industrial Emissions

Cont. Malaysian Strategies
2) Surveillance System
DOE monitors signs of open burning
• Land patrol – HOTSPOTS
• Satellite monitoring – LARGE FIRE
• Public Notifications
Meterological Department
• Weather monitoing
• Alert mechanism – severely dry weather with low rainfalls

World Strategies
1.Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
2.UN Climate Summit New York Declaration on
forest (Non –Binding)
3.Paris Agreement

Reference
Betha R, Behera SN, Balasubramanian R. 2013 Southeast Asian smoke haze: fractionation of particulate-bound
elements and associated health risk. Environmental science & technology. 2014 Mar 28;48(8):4327-35.
Betha R, Pradani M, Lestari P, Joshi UM, Reid JS, Balasubramanian R. Chemical speciation of trace
metals emitted from Indonesian peat fires for health risk assessment. Atmospheric Research. 2013 Mar 1;122:571-8
.
Chew FT, Ooi BC, Hui JK, Saharom R, Goh DY, Lee BW. Singapore's haze and acute asthma in children. The Lancet.
1995 Nov 25;346(8987):1427.
Emmanuel SC. Impact to lung health of haze from forest fires: the Singapore experience. Respirology.
2000 Jun 1;5(2):175-82.
Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Jalaludin J, Lubis SH, Hashim R. Respiratory
function of elementary school children exposed to the 1997 Kuala Lumpur haze. Epidemiology. 1998 Jul 1;9(4):S10
3.
Ho RC, Zhang MW, Ho CS, Pan F, Lu Y, Sharma VK. Impact of 2013 south Asian haze crisis: study of physical and
psychological symptoms and perceived dangerousness of pollution level. B MC psychiatry. 2014 Dec;14(1):81.
Kampa M, Castanas E. Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental pollution. 2008 Jan 1;151(2):362-7.

Reference
Boffetta P, Merler E, Vainio H. Carcinogenicity of mercury and mercury compounds. Scandinavian journal of
work, environment & health. 1993 Feb 1:1-7
Odihi JO. Haze and Health in Brunei Darussalam: The Case of the 1997‐98 Episodes. Singapore Journal of
Tropical Geography. 2001 Mar;22(1):38-51.
Sahani M, Zainon NA, Mahiyuddin WR, Latif MT, Hod R, Khan MF, Tahir NM, Chan CC. A case-crossover
analysis of forest fire haze events and mortality in Malaysia. Atmospheric Environment. 2014 Oct 1;96:257-65.
Sastry N. Forest fires, air pollution, and mortality in Southeast Asia. Demography. 2002 Feb 1;39(1):1-23.
Sulong NA, Latif MT, Khan MF, Amil N, Ashfold MJ, Wahab MI, Chan KM, Sahani M. Source apportionment and
health risk assessment among specific age groups during haze and non-haze episodes in Kuala Lumpur, Mal
aysia. Science of the Total Environment. 2017 Dec 1;601:556-70.
Tan WC, Qiu D, Liam BL, Ng TP, Lee SH, van Eeden SF, D’Yachkova Y, Hogg JC The human bone marrow
response to acute air pollution caused by forest fires. American journal of respiratory and critical care
medicine. 2000 Apr 1;161(4):1213-7.
Vamvakas S, Bittner D, Köster U. Enhanced expression of the protooncogenes c-myc and c-fos in normal and
malignant renal growth. Toxicology letters. 1993 Apr 1;67(1-3):161-72.
Yeo B, Liew CF, Oon HH. Clinical experience and impact of a community-led volunteer atmospheric haze
clinic in Singapore. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2014 Nov 1;45(6):1448.

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