AKTU Environment and Ecology unit 2 notes cum ppt

1. POLLUTION
AND ITS
TYPE FOR
AWARENESS
Here is where our presentation begins…

2. WELCOME
TO UNIT 3….

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
CAUSES
02
EFFECTS
03
PREVENTION
04
SOLUTIONS

4. POLLUTION
“The undesirable change in the physical ,chemical and
biological characteristics of the abiotic components of
the environment(air, water and soil)which has a negative
impact on life and life-based systems is called pollution.

5. Types of Pollution
01
AIR POLLUTION
02
WATER
POLLUTON
03
NOISE POLLUTION
04
SOIL POLLUTION

6. AIR
POLLUTION
01

7. INTRODUCTION
Air is a mixture of different gases that surround the earth in the form of a
cover, this cover is called atmosphere. It is composed of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of
oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide. A part from this some small amount
of neon, krypton, helium, hydrogen, ozone etc. are also present in the
atmosphere . “When the amount of one or more pollutents in the atmosphere
becomes so high that the quality of air deteriorates and it is harmful for the
biological community then it is called air pollution.

8. An air pollutant is a material in the
air that can have adverse effects on
humans and the ecosystem. The
substance can be solid particles,
liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant
can be of natural origin or man-
made. Pollutants are classified as
primary or secondary.
Pollutants
Primary pollutants are usually
produced by processes such as ash
from a volcanic eruption. Other
examples include carbon monoxide
gas from motor vehicle exhausts or
sulfur dioxide released from factories.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted
directly. Rather, they form in the air
when primary pollutants react or
interact.

9. #quote
on air
pollution

10. Various disease:
a. Lung disease
b. Cardiovascular disease
c. Cancer (lung cancer)
d. Kidney disease
e. Fertility
f. Agricultural effect(acid rain)
Health effects

11. Natural sources
Anthropogenic (human-
made) sources
Emission factors

12. WATER
POLLUTON
02

13. “Jal hi Jivan hai.”

14. "Water pollution is the addition of substances or energy forms
that directly or indirectly alter the nature of the water body in
such a manner that negatively affects its legitimate
uses".[ Therefore, pollution is associated with concepts attributed
to humans, namely the negative alterations and the uses of the
water body.
Introduction

15. ● Sewage
● Industrial wastewater
● Oil spills
● Pesticides (ground water
pollution)
CAUSE OF WATER POLLUTION

16. ● Marine Pollution
● Thermal Pollution
● Nutrient pollution
● Biological pollution
Types of water pollution

17. ● Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such
as industrial, agricultural and residential waste, particles, noise,
excess carbon dioxide or invasive organisms enter the ocean and cause
harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-
based activity, although marine transportation significantly contributes as
well.[35] Since most inputs come from land, either via the rivers, sewage or
the atmosphere, it means that continental shelves are more vulnerable to
pollution.
Marine Pollution

18. ● Thermal pollution, sometimes called "thermal enrichment", is the
degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water
temperature. Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature of a
natural body of water caused by human influence. Thermal pollution,
unlike chemical pollution, results in a change in the physical properties of
water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a
coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.[40] Urban runoff—
stormwater discharged to surface waters from rooftops, roads and
parking lots—and reservoirs can also be a source of thermal
pollution.[41] Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of
very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.
Thermal Pollution

19. ● Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by
excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface
waters (lakes, rivers and coastal waters), in which excess nutrients, usually
nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth.[38] Sources of nutrient pollution
include surface runoff from farm fields and pastures, discharges from septic
tanks and feedlots, and emissions from combustion. Raw sewage is a large
contributor to cultural eutrophication since sewage is high in nutrients.
Releasing raw sewage into a large water body is referred to as sewage
dumping, and still occurs all over the world. Excess reactive nitrogen
compounds in the environment are associated with many large-scale
environmental concerns. These include eutrophication of surface waters,
harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, acid rain, nitrogen saturation in forests, and
climate change.
Nutrient pollution

20. ● The introduction of aquatic invasive organisms is a form of water
pollution as well. It causes biological pollution
Biological pollution

21. Impacts of Water pollution
• Ecosystem
• Ocean acidification
• Public health and waterborne diseases

22. • Management of erosion and
sediment control
• Agricultural wastewater treatment
• Control of urban runoff (storm
water)
• Control and reduction
• Pollution control philosophy
• Sanitation and sewage
treatment
• Industrial wastewater treatment

23. NOISE
POLLUTION
03

24. “To hear for life, listen
with care.”

25. ● Noise pollution, also known
as environmental noise or
sound pollution, is the propagation of
noise with ranging impacts on the activity
of human or animal life, most of them are
harmful to a degree. The source of
outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused
by machines, transport, and propagation
systems . Poor urban planning may give
rise to noise disintegration or pollution,
side-by-side industrial and residential
buildings can result in noise pollution in
the residential areas.
Noise pollution

26. ● The Hierarchy of Controls concept is often used to reduce noise in the environment or the workplace. Engineering
noise controls can be used to reduce noise propagation and protect individuals from overexposure. When noise
controls are not feasible or adequate, individuals can also take steps to protect themselves from the harmful
effects of noise pollution. If people must be around loud sounds, they can protect their ears with hearing protection
(e.g., ear plugs or ear muffs).[79] In recent years, Buy Quiet programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to
combat occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and
encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.[80]
● Noise from roadways and other urban factors can be mitigated by urban planning and better design of roads.
Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway
surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and
acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway
noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation.
Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a
roadway project.
● Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway has
benefited residents near airports.
Noise control

27. ● Egypt
In 2007, the Egyptian National Research Center found that the average noise level in central Cairo was 90
decibels and that the noise never fell below 70 decibels. Noise limits set by law in 1994 are not enforced.In 2018, the
World Hearing Index declared Cairo to be the world's second-noisiest city.
● India
Noise pollution is a major problem in India.[83] The government of India has rules and regulations against
firecrackers and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely lax. Awaaz Foundation is a non-governmental organization in
India working to control noise pollution from various sources through advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and
educational campaigns since 2003. Despite increased enforcement and stringency of laws now being practiced in urban
areas, rural areas are still affected. The Supreme Court of India had banned playing of music on loudspeakers after 10pm.
In 2015, The National Green Tribunal directed authorities in Delhi to ensure strict adherence to guidelines on noise
pollution, saying noise is more than just a nuisance as it can produce serious psychological stress. However,
implementation of the law remains poor.
● Sweden
How noise emissions should be reduced, without the industry being hit too hard, is a major problem in
environmental care in Sweden today. The Swedish Work Environment Authority has set an input value of 80 dB for
maximum sound exposure for eight hours. In workplaces where there is a need to be able to converse comfortably the
background noise level should not exceed 40 dB. The government of Sweden has taken soundproofing and acoustic
absorbing actions, such as noise barriers and active noice pollution.
Legal status and regulation

28. ● Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage
physiological health. Noise pollution is associated with several health conditions, including
cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep
disturbances, and other harmful and disturbing effects. According to a 2019 review of the
existing literature, noise pollution was associated with faster cognitive decline.
● Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleep or
conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life. Noise-induced hearing loss can
be caused by prolonged exposure to noise levels above 85 A-weighted decibels. A
comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or
industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately
high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss.
Noise pollution effect on Health

29. SOIL
POLLUTION
04

30. • Microplastics
• Oil spills
• Mining and activities by other heavy industries
• Accidental spills may happen during activities,
etc.
• Corrosion of underground storage tanks
(including piping used to transmit the contents)
• Acid rain
• Intensive farming
• Agrochemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides
and fertilizers
• Petrochemicals
• Industrial accidents
• Road debris
• Construction activities
• Exterior lead-based paints
Causes of Soil Pollution
• Drainage of contaminated surface water into the
soil
• Ammunitions, chemical agents, and other agents
of war
• Oil and fuel dumping
• Nuclear wastes
• Direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil
• Discharge of sewage
• Landfill and illegal dumping
• Coal ash
• Electronic waste
• Contaminated by rocks containing large amounts
of toxic elements.
• Contaminated by Pb due to vehicle exhaust, Cd,
and Zn caused by tire wear.
• Contamination by strengthening air pollutants by
incineration of fossil raw materials.

31. Cleanup options
Cleanup or environmental remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil
chemicals and also apply computer models (GIS in Environmental Contamination) for analyzing transport[24] and fate of
soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil and
sediments [25] There are several principal strategies for remediation:
• Excavate soil and take it to a disposal site away from ready pathways for human or sensitive ecosystem contact. This
technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins.
• Aeration of soils at the contaminated site (with attendant risk of creating air pollution)
• Thermal remediation by introduction of heat to raise subsurface temperatures sufficiently high to volatize chemical
contaminants out of the soil for vapor extraction. Technologies include ISTD, electrical resistance heating (ERH), and ET-
DSP.
• Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals. Techniques used in bioremediation
include landfarming, biostimulation and bioaugmentating soil biota with commercially available microflora.
• Extraction of groundwater or soil vapor with an active electromechanical system, with subsequent stripping of the
contaminants from the extract.
• Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or paving over in place).
• Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavy metals.
• Mycoremediation, or using fungus to metabolize contaminants and accumulate heavy metals.
• Remediation of oil contaminated sediments with self-collapsing air microbubbles.
• Surfactant leaching
• Interfacial solar evaporation to extract heavy metal ions from moist soil

32. Impact on Human health
Exposure pathways:
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil
contaminants that have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into
groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent
source of above-ground contamination. Toxic metals can also make their way up the food chain through plants that
reside in soils containing high concentrations of heavy metals.[14] This tends to result in the development of pollution-
related diseases.
Most exposure is accidental, and exposure can happen through:[15]
• Ingesting dust or soil directly
• Ingesting food or vegetables grown in contaminated soil or with foods in contact with contaminants
• Skin contact with dust or soil
• Vapors from the soil
• Inhaling clouds of dust while working in soils or windy environments
However, some studies estimate that 90% of exposure is through eating conta
Consequences:
Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, the pathway
of attack, and the vulnerability of the exposed population. Researchers suggest that pesticides and heavy metals in
soil may harm cardiovascular health, including inflammation and change in the body's internal clock.

33. Sustainable agriculture is essential as it is meant to control the impact on
the cultivated environment, by minimizing the external contributions
(phytosanitary products), by diversifying the cultures and by using
biological treatments
Green agriculture

34. Sustainable forest management
Conservation of the forests is key. Without the protection of the
trees, the land becomes dry and starts to erode. Therefore,
sustainable forestry or logging is crucial to saving the
soil from pollution

35. PROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
Be it for industrial or household waste, efficient waste
disposal is one of the most effective ways of curbing land
pollution. This especially applies to toxic and
hazardous waste disposa

36. SOLID-
WASTE
05

37. SOLID WASTE
Solid waste refers here to all non-liquid wastes. In general this does not include
excreta, although sometimes nappies and the faeces of young children may be
mixed with solid waste. Solid waste can create significant health problems and
a very unpleasant living environment if not disposed of safely and
appropriately. If not correctly disposed of, waste may provide breeding sites for
insect-vectors, pests, snakes and vermin (rats) that increase the likelihood of
disease transmission. It may also pollute water sources and the environ- ment.

38. Waste Management: Solid Waste Management
● Waste management can be simply defined as the collection, transport, recovery, and disposal of waste, together with
monitoring and regulation of the waste management process.
● However, the newer concept of waste management talks about 7R′s- Rethink, Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Regulate and Research.
Waste Management: Overall Details
● There are various types of waste management, few of them are listed below:
● 1. Solid Waste Management
● 2. Liquid Waste Management
● 3. Biological Waste Management

39. Municipal Solid Waste Management: Classification
Solid waste can be classified into two categories by its characteristics.
1. Organic Solid Waste
2. Inorganic Solid Waste
• Organic Solid Waste
The waste that is biodegradable and decomposes in the process of decomposition emits an
offensive and irritating smell when left untouched. For example, food, sewage sludge, green waste,
etc.
• Inorganic Solid Waste
Solid matter that does not decompose at any rate. This category of waste matter may be
combustible depending on the type the nature of the material they constitute. For example, rubbish.

40. Risk Associated with Poor Solid Waste Management
1.Open dumps of solid waste lead to the breeding ground for disease carriers like
flies, pigs, mosquitoes, etc.
2.Unattended wastes often end up in drains, causing blockages which result in
flooding and unsanitary conditions.
3.The burning of solid wastes causes air pollution.
4.Piles of waste and gas generated by these present a fire risk.
5.Overall environmental degradation due to contamination of air, water and soil
environment via gaseous emission, particulate matter, ash, leachate, piles of
unwanted materials, etc.

41. Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management
1. Waste generation- The materials that are identified and collected are thrown away or
gathered for disposal.
2. On-site handling, storage, and processing- The activities associated with the
handling, storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation.
3. Collection- The collection and disposal of solid waste from various locations.
4. Transfer and transport- The transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to
the larger transport equipment, to the disposal site.
5. Processing and recovery- Those techniques equipment and facilities are used both
to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable
materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
6. Disposal- The dumping of waste in a specific place for segregation.

42. THE “3R’s” RULE EDUCATION
● REDUCE: means the conservation of resources in by reducing the
unnecessary use of items
● RECYCLE:means the conservation of resources in used items by
converting them into new products.
● REUSE: means the conservation of the resources in used items by
using them repeatedly.

43. A PICTURE
IS WORTH A
THOUSANDS
WORDS

44. YOUR HELP
IS VERY
IMPORTANT!
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate that

45. MAIN SOURCES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Mercury is small
Saturn is a gas giant
Jupiter is a gas giant
32%
45%
35%
Mars is a cold place
22%
INDUSTRIES
MEGACITIES
FUEL
AUTOMOTIVES

46. CONCLUSION

47. You can replace the image on
the screen with your own
work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
DESKTOP SOFTWARE

48. OUR TEAM
1. Ritesh Rai
2. Shivanshu Mall
3. Abhay Mishra
4. Ansh Pandey
5. Devanshu Singh
6. Shivam Kumar
7. Abhishek Uttam
8. Priyanshu Dubey
9. Sajid Ali
10. Abhishek Jaiswal
11. Aayushman singh

49. CREDITS: This presentation template was
created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon, and infographics & images by
Freepik
Please keep this slide for attribution
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
Please ask Dr. Narayan.
Special thanks to everyone who provide us
their laptops and wi-fi devices.

50. CREDITS: This presentation template was
created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon, and infographics & images by
Freepik
THANKS!