Physiological Disordrs of horticulture crops

1. Welcome

2. Physiological disorders in fruit crops
Shankar lal kumawat .
Fruit science

3. • “Physiological disorders are deviation in normal
physiological process of the plant which occurs, due to
adverse climatic condition, nutritional imbalance or
genetically inheritance”
A. Physiological disorders are often caused by the deficiency or
excess of something that supports life or by presence of
something that interfers with life
B. Physiological disorders can affect plants in all stages of their
development
C. They are non transmissible because they occur without or in
absence of infectious agents

4. D. Dealing with physiological disorders often means dealing with
the consequence from a past event
E. Physiological disorders not only cause damage themselves but
also serve as the ‘open door’ for pathogens
Physiological disorders affects to the
1. Normal growth of the plant,
2. Quality of fruit produce and
3. Shelf life of the fruit
• Physiological disorders create 5% to 50% of economical loss by
interrupting to its quality and market value

5. Factors implicated in occourrance of physiological disorders
Irradiance
Relative humidity
Atmospheric condition
Carbon dioxide concentration
Heat stress

6. Winter injury and frost
Wind injury
Chemical injury
Mechanical injury
Physical soil problems

7. Water stress
High salts
Improper planting techniques
Nutrient deficiency or excess
Genetic factors

8. Physiological disorders can be corrected by
Divergence in agronomical practices
Selection of variety
Proper nutrient management
Application of PGR

9. • Woodhouse (1909) was the first to correlate the occurrence of
black tip in mango with smoke of brick kilns
• Gases like SO₂, Ethylene and CO affect the fruits
Symptoms
• The distal end of the fruit first exhibits etiolated patches, later running
black followed by discolorations and necrosis of the mesocrap
• Exuding a brown gummy substance
Management strategies
• Brick kilns - 2 km away
• Chimney height - 18 to 20m
• Spray borax (0.6%) + caustic soda
(0.8%) thrice
(a) Before flowering
(b) During flowering
(c) At fruit-set stage
Black tip

10. • Cheema and Dhani was first to observe spongy tissues in
mango in 1934.
• It is a major hindrance for Alphonso growers.
• This is caused because of ripening enzymes.
• convective heat and post harvest exposure of fruit to
sunlight which results in the development of non-edible,
sour, yellowish and sponge like patch with or without air
pocket in the mesocarp of the fruit during ripening.
Spongy tissue

11. Spongy tissue
Fig. 1
(a) Spongy-white, early development
stage
(b) Spongy-black ripe, late
development stage.

12. Physiological disorders of Mango
Mango malformation
A. Vegetative malformation
– In this types of malformation, leaf bunch is formed at the
terminal portion of the shoot or in the axils of leaves or on
the lower nodes of the seedling
Causes :
• Hormonal imbalance
• Cultural practices
• Nutritional imbalance
• Environmental factors
• Fungal attack
• Attack of mites

13. B. Floral malformation
• A profuse development of
numerous small, leafy structure
occours in place of flower
• These dry up, remain hanging
on the tree and get convrted
into black masses and dead
tissues.
• Effect on sex expression of
mango.

14. Biennial bearing

15. Soft nose and Jelly seed

16. Clustering

17. Leaf scorching

18. Physiological disorders of Banana
 Chock throat
• This disorder results from low temperature. Due to low
temperature yellowing of leaves occurs and under severe
conditions the leaves become necrotic.
• The low temperature at the time of flowering effects the bunch
formation. Under normal conditions the bunch emerges from
pseudo stem but when temperature is low it do not emerge
properly from pseudo stem.
• The maturity time of bunch is extended up to 5-6 months than
3.5-4 months. This order is called choke throat because in the
inflorescence distal part comes out but the basal part becomes
tapered at the throat.

19. Management
• The management of choke throat includes the use of
varieties that tolerate low temperature and the use of
eucalyptus as a shelter belt check the effect of cold wind.

20. Symptoms
• The chilling of banana occurs or
results when the pre-or post-
harvest temperature falls below
14oC.
• The symptoms include uneven
ripening, watery dark patches on
skin, dull yellow to smoky yellow
color of the ripening fingers.
• Brown streaks are also observed
on the vascular bundle of the
sub epidermal layer. These are
resulting from enzymatic
oxidation of dihydroxy phenyl
alanine.
Management
• Avoid to store the fruits at
temperature below 13oC
(55oF).
Chilling injury

21. Kottai vazhai
Symptoms
• This disorder is characterized
by the presence of sharp,
tapered and ill filled fruits that
have seedy structure in their
central core.
• The actual causes is not
known but it is suspected to
be associated with incidence
of banana streak virus.
Management
• It can be managed by
spraying 20ppm (1g in 50L of
water) 2, 4-D. by applying
this the seediness of the fruits
can be completely controlled
and make the fruits good in
quality.

22. Die back / exanthema

23. Symptoms
• This disorder is first reported from
California in 1943
• The disorder is charechterized by
drying up of juice vesicles which
become little hard and attaining a
greyish colour.
• This vesicles become enlarged with an increase in pectin,
lignin, and other polysaccharide content. Considerable
decrease in total soluble solid, acidity and sugars in
affected fruits, so the fruit becomes testless and colourless.
Granulation

24.  Fruit cracking
Causes
• Sudden change in weather
• Heavy irrigation or rainfall
• Result from hot winds
• Boron deficiency
Management strategies
• Spray of NAA @ 100 ppm and
borax @ 0.8% at the period of
fruit growth
• Apply water frequently during summer to avoid drought
Physiological disorders of citrus

25. Causes
• High relative humidity & temperature
• Sweet oranges like mosambi are more prone to ganulation than
mandarin
• Boron and zinc deficiency
• Enzymes and plant growth regulators: an increase in pectin and
decrease in pectin esterase activity is accosiated with
granulation.
Management strategies
• Spray of 16 ppm 2,4-D and micronutrient zn, cu and K at
monthly interval from august to September
• Spray lime 18-20 kg in 450 liter of water
• Avoid use of sour orange and rough lemon rootstocks which
induce vigour and grow resistant varieties.

26. Oil spotting (oleocellosis)

27. Causes
• oil spoting is a skin injury caused by oil released from the oil
gland in the skin after they ruptured.
• The damage can be caused by physical means or climate.
• Fruit is suceptiblible to damage during cool wet periods
when the rind is very turgid.
Management strategies
• Avoiding harvesting wet fruits early in the morning or after
rain when they are very turgid.
• Carefull handling also reduces severity of this disorder.

28. Causes
• Low calcium or high megnesium
• Water relation
• Rootstock
• Nutritional condition
• Tree health
Management strategies
• Creasing can be reduced with
pre- harvest sprays of gibberelic
acid as well as calcium.
Creasing

29. Bumpy fruits of papaya
due to boron deficiency.

30. Physiological disorders of custard apple
Stone fruit
• Some fruits instead of attaining
full size remain very small and
become brown and dry up. These
are known as stone fruits which
are retained on tree for a long
period.
• Competition among the
developing fruits and high
temperature are supposed to
cause stone fruit formation.

31. Sun scald
• Sunscald is caused due to direct
fall of sunrays on exposed area
of the fruit making them unfit
for consumption.
• The cell under the skin of
exposed surface get damaged,
due to which the peduncle
bearing the fruit falls on the
side exposed to the sun.

32. Water Berries
• The condition of berries wherein they lack normal sugar,
colour, flavour and keeping quality is referred as water
berries.
• The affected berries become
watery, soft, and flabby when
ripe (almost normal in size
but their flesh is not firm)
and shrivel and dry by the
time of harvest.
Physiological disorders of Grape

33. Hen and Chicken

34. Pink berry
• As the bunch approaches
maturity some berries
becomes pink colour at
random.
• pink colour changes to dull
red colour rendering the
bunch unattractive.
• These berries become watery
and collapse within a few
days after harvest and can
not stand storage and
transport.

35. Calyx and rot

36. Mummification
• Though the etiology of mummification in grapes is not
known (due to complex factors), the affected water berries
in severe cases, shrivel and dry at the time of harvest leads
to mummification.
Mummification

37. • Shot berries are smaller, sweeter, round and seedless as
compared to normal berries in a cluster.
• Boron deficiency is the main cause of this disorder.
• Affected leaves show spotty yellowing and tend to be
undersized and cupped.
• Affected clusters may totally abort or develop a few small
berries, often with many small, green “shot” berries.
• Occurs either due to poor pollination and fertilization or
due to inadequate flow of carbohydrates into the set
berries.
Shot berries

38. • Boron or Zinc deficiencies should be corrected.
• Prebloom application of GA (Gibrellic acid) at proper
stage should be ensured.

39. Physiological disorders of Aonla
Fruit necrosis
• Symptoms start with the
browning the innermost part of
mesocarpic tissue at the time of
endocarp hardening which later
extends toward the epicarp
resulting into brownish black
appearance of the flesh in the
second and third week of
october.

40. Fruit necrosis in Aonla

41. Bronzing in guava

42. Causes
• Lack of orchard management
• The quality (volume) of
rainfall at one time.
• The full quantity and
distribution of rainfall during
the mature and ripening stage
Fruit cracking
Physiological disorders of Pomegranate

43. Fruit cracking in tomato

44. BLOSSOM AND ROT

45. SUN scald

46. Puffiness

47. Cat face

48. Blotchy ripening

49. Golden fleck

50. Potato
Hollow heart

51. GREENING IN POTATO

52. Cauliflower
Hollow stem and buttoning

53. Whiptail and blindness

54. Forking in carrot

55. Healthy Fruits Healthy Life
Thank you