2. KNOW MALARIA AND WHY
Malaria is an acute and chronic illness characterized by
paroxysms of fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, anemia, and
splenomegaly.
Malaria is of overwhelming importance in the developing
world today, with an estimated 300 to 500 million cases and
more than 1 million deaths each year.
Most malarial deaths occur among infants and young
children.
3. MODES OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION
Bite of female anopheline mosquitoes: Infective form:
sporozoites
Infection of blood of a malaria patient containing asexual
forms- ‘trophozoite’ induced malaria
1. Trasfusion malaria
2. Congenital malraia
3. Malaria in drug addicts
4. HOSTS INVOLVED IN TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA
Man Female anopheles mosquito
Secondary host Primary host
Intermediate host Definitive host
Asexual cycle Sexual cycle
Schizogony Sporogony
5.
6. HUMAN CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
1. Pre erythrocytic schizogony
Development of sporozoites in liver parenchyma
Liberated merozoites are called as cryptozoites
Blood is sterile
2. Erythorcytic schizogony
Parasite resides inside RBCs; passes through stages of
Trophozoite, Shcizont, Merozoite
Parasitic multiplication brings clinical attack of malaria
7. 3. Gametogony
Some merozoites develop in RBCs of spleen and bone
marrow to form ‘Gametocytes’
4. Exo erythorocytic schizogony
Persistence of late tissue phase in liver
Seen in P vivax and P ovale
Cause relapses in Vivax and Ovale malaria
Liberated merozoites are known as ‘Phanerozoites’
8. MOSQUITO CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
1. Completion of gametogomy
Exflagellation of microgamete and maturation of gametes
Fusion of gametes form Zygote; Zygote matures to Ookinite
2. Sporogony
Ookinite develops into oocyst
On 10th day of infection, oocyst ruptures, relasing
sporozoites; sporozoites reach salivary glands
Mosquito at this stage is capable of transmitting infection.
9. Once inside the erythrocyte, the parasite transforms
into the ring form, which then enlarges to become a
trophozoite.
These latter 2 forms can be identified with Giemsa
stain on blood smear, the primary means of
confirming the diagnosis of malaria
10.
11. Paroxysms coincide with the rupture of schizonts that occurs
every 48 hr with P. vivax and P. ovale, resulting in fever spikes
every other day- tertian malaria
every 72 hr with P. malariae, resulting in fever spikes every 3rd
or 4th day- quartan marlaria
Periodicity is less apparent with
P. falciparum and mixed infections
travelers from nonendemic regions
13. DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of malaria
Giemsa-stained smears of peripheral blood or
rapid immunochromatographic assay.
Stains used for diagnosis
Giemsa stain >Wright stain or Leishman stain.
Thick and Thin blood smears
The concentration of erythrocytes on a thick smear is 20-40 times
that on a thin smear and is used to quickly scan large numbers of
erythrocytes.
The thin smear allows for positive identification of the malaria
species and determination of the percentage of infected
erythrocytes and is useful in following the response to therapy
14. DIAGNOSIS
A single negative blood smear does not exclude
malaria.
Most symptomatic patients with malaria will have
detectable parasites on thick blood smears within
48 hr.
16. PREVENTION
Malaria prevention consists of
Reducing exposure to infected mosquitoes and
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis is necessary for
all visitors to and
residents of the tropics who have not lived there since
infancy, including children of all ages.
Health care providers should consult the latest information
on resistance patterns before prescribing prophylaxis for their
patients.