2. 2
• Brief Introduction – What is Malaria?
• How was Malaria transmitted?
• Signs and Symptoms
• Life Cycle
• Pathogenesis
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
OUTLIINE:
3. 3
• Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted
through bite of an infected mosquito at night.
• In 1880, Laveran, a French army surgeon in Algeria, first saw and
described malaria parasites in the red blood cells of man.
• It is an infection caused by few plasmodium species
WHAT IS MALARIA?
4. 4
• Five Plasmodium species:
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium knowlesi
• Falciparum malaria is the more severe type and can be fatal. Vivax
malaria is generally mild but can sometimes be fatal.
WHAT IS MALARIA?
5. 5
Plasmodium vivax
• uses a specific erythrocyte surface receptor called “Duffy antigen”
• SICKLE CELL ANEMIA – Protective against Malarial infection of Plasmodium vivax
7. Malaria is most commonly
transmitted through the bite
of an infected anopheline
mosquito. It can also be
transmitted by blood
transfusion. In congenital
malaria, malaria may be
transmitted from mother to
child before and/or during
birth.
7
8. 8
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Common Signs &
Symptoms:
• High Fever
• Headache
• Chills and Shivers
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Diarrhea
Severe conditions:
• Severe Vomiting and
Diarrhea
• Generalized
Convulsion
• Deliruim and Impaired
Consiousness
• Followed by Persistent
Coma
• Death
16. 16
• SPLEEN is an organ responsible to kill the damaged Red Blood
Cells.
• It contains both:
• Normal RBCs
• Infected RBCs
• The SPLENIC MACROPHAGES
• has Central Role in Sensing this infected
RBC in Macrophages and Phagocytizing
this infected RBCs
• Spleen destroys many RBCs = Anemia
SPLEEN
17. 17
• Releases Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines:
• TNF-α
• IL-1β
• Two (2) ways Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines are released:
1) Macrophages & Monocytes are exposed to parasites in
circulation causing release of cytokines
2) Splenic Macrophages eating Infected RBCs causes release of
Cytokines
**Cytokines are Pyrexic and when released into the body system it causes
Fever, Chills, Low Blood Pressure, Headache, and Excessive perspiration
SPLEEN
18. 18
• Macrophages and Monocytes
• Releases Interferon gamma (IF-Nγ) which takes us to the next
pathological event that affects the blood vessels.
21. 21
• Adhesion Molecules (found in the Endothelial cells):
• CD36
• ICAM1
• Surface Proteins are found in the Infected RBCs. Surface Proteins are
the one who adheres to the Adhesion Molecules then it triggers to
cause blood clot by Thrombin.
22. 22
TO SUMMARIZEWHENTISSUE INFLAMMATION OCCURS ON
THE AREAS NEARTHE FOLLOWING ORGANS:
BRAIN
LUNGS
PLACENTA
KIDNEYS
• Cerebral Malaria
• Acute Resipatory Distress
Syndrome
• Placental Malaria
•Caused by both ANEMIA and Tissue
inflammation
•Tissue inflammation will lead to
RENAL IMPAIRMENT and METABOLIC
ACIDOSIS(METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
causes HYPOXIA and
HYPERVENTILATION)
23. 26
How long is the incubation period?
• The incubation period in malaria means the time between mosquito
bite and the first appearance of signs and symptoms, of which fever is
the most common. Generally, the symptoms start approximately 9 to 14
days after the biting of an infective mosquito. However, there are some
types of malaria that the symptoms may start one to two or several
months after mosquito biting.
24. 27
How malaria is transmitted?
• Malaria is most commonly transmitted through the bite of an infected
anopheline mosquito. It can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. In
congenital malaria, malaria may be transmitted from mother to child
before and/or during birth.
25. 28
Does a patient after getting cured confer subsequent immunity?
• It depends on the intensity of malaria transmission of the area where
patient lives and frequency of prior infection the patient suffered. In
areas where malaria is seasonal and disease is infrequent, adequate
protective immunity may never be build up. In areas with high levels of
malaria transmission, newborn children are protected in their first few
months of life by the antibodies of their immune mothers. After that
they gradually develop their own immunity over the years, if they do
not die from the disease. The immunity is reversible, and fully
"immune" adults who leave malarious areas are known to return to a
state of non-immunity over a period of 1 to 2 years.
35. 41
• Clinical Hematology Theory & Procedures 6th Ed. by Mary Louise
Turgeon
• Clinical Hematology Atlas by Bernadette F. Rodak and Jacqueline Carr
• Open Osmosis
REFERENCES
