6. Roof of the Orbit
frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid
located adjacent to anterior cranial fossa and frontal sinus
Lateral wall of the Orbit
zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid
Inferiorly – inf orbital fissure
Medially – sup orbital fissure
7. Medial Wall
ethmoid, lacrimal,
maxillary and sphenoid
bones
forms the lateral wall of
the sphenoid sinus
Floor of the Orbit
maxillary, palatine,&
zygomatic bones
8. • Orbital Apertures
1. Optic Canal
– Optic Nerve, Ophthalmic
Artery, Sympathetic
Nerves
2. Superior Orbital Fissure
– CN III,IV,VI, V1,
Sympathetic Nerves
3. Inferior Orbital Fissure
– CN V2,
9. Orbital apex syndrome/ Tolosa - hunt syndrome :
Damage to structures at apex 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th ,6 th
nerves
Symptoms : visual loss, ophthalmoplegia
periorbital & facial pain
10. Contents of orbit
Eye ball
Orbital fat
Connective tissue system: Periorbita
Orbital septum
Tenon’s capsule
Blood vessels
Nerves
Extraocular muscles
11. Orbital septum:
Interconnecting / circumferential radial
webs of fascial system
support and transmit forces in trauma
Compressive optic neuropathy following
trauma
18. CT Scan
Good for most orbital
conditions, esp fractures
Good view of bone & Ca
Degraded image of orbital apex
due to bony artifact
Less soft tissue detail
Good for metallic foreign body
Less expensive
Shorter Scanning time
MRI
Better for orbitocranial lesions
No view of bone & Ca
Good view of Orbital Apex
More soft tissue detail
Contraindicated for Metallic
Foreign Body
More expensive
Longer Scanning time
19.
20. Graves’ Ophthalmopathy
Autoimmune disorder that is related to excess
secretion of thyroid hormone
10-25% occurs in the absence of any thyroid
dysfunction
Female/male ratio 8:1
4th to 5th decades of life
most common cause of adult unilateral and bilateral
exophthalmos
21. Pathogenesis:
1. Hypertrophy of Extraocular Muscles
2. Cellular Infiltration
3. Proliferation of orbital fat, connective tissue
26. Orbital Infections
Preseptal Cellulitis
Infection confined to the eyelids and periorbital
tissues anterior to the orbital septum
Globe is uninvolved,
Pupillary rxn, VA, & EOM’s are NORMAL
no chemosis, no pain
27. Orbital Cellulitis
active infection posterior to the septum
90% occurs as a 2ndary extension of bacterial
sinusitis
fever, proptosis, chemosis, EOM restrictions,
pain on eye movement
decrease VA, pupillary abnormalities
29. Capillary Hemangioma
Most common tumor of the orbit in childhood
increase in tumor size during crying and straining
absent bruit and pulsation
involute spontaneously
30. Cavernous Hemangioma
Most common benign orbital lesion in adults
middle-aged women commonly affected
enhanced well-encapsulated mass on CT scan
Tx: Surgical Excision
31. Rhabdomyosarcoma
Most common primary orbital malignancy of childhood
age-onset is 7-8 y/o
rapid onset of proptosis
Tx: Exenteration, Radiation Therapy combined with systemic
chemotherapy
32. Pleomorphic Adenoma
Most common epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland
4th -5th decades of life, mostly men
progresssive, painless, downward & inward displacement
33. Epidermoid / Dermoid Cyst
Dermoid is a benign cystic teratoma
well-encapsulated lined by stratified squamous & contain
dermal appendages
Epidermoid - does not contain dermal appendages
34.
35. Fractures of the Orbit
Orbital floor Fracture
Most frequently involve wall
Usually along the infraorbital canal