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Xray TF July 2023 final.pptx
1. Mentor - Dr Sunita Kale (PROF)
- Sumeet (SR)
- Chandranshu (JRII) / Ajith (JRII)
DEPARTMENT OF
RADIOLOGY
2.
3.
4. Xray views for paranasal sinuses
Differentials of paranasal sinus opacification
Age of pneumatization of the sinuses
Role of radiology in management of JNAF
5. Orbito-meatal line – 370 to film
Best – Maxillary sinus
Modified water – open mouth
7. Sagittal plane parallel to the film
To see anterior and posterior extent of sinuses
Air fluid levels well appreciated.
8. Neck is hyperextended until the infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) is parallel with the receptor
Evaluate fractures and displacement of a fractured zygomatic arch.
Assessing potential pathology from trauma or disease progression to the basal skull structures ,
including the foramen ovale, foramen spinosum and sphenoid sinuses.
10. The silent sinus syndrome represents maxillary sinus atelectasis that results in
painless enophthalmos, hypoglobus and facial asymmetry
The sinus is fully formed but fully opacified and reduced in volume with inward bowing of all four
walls
11. Complete opacification of one or more paranasal sinuses by mucus, often associated with bony
expansion due to obstruction of the nasal sinus drainage.
Most common – Frontal sinus
Associations
• cystic fibrosis: particularly if occurring in children
• paranasal sinus fibrous dysplasia: especially in frontal sinus
12.
13. Benign , locally aggressive tumor
Origin – Spenopalatine foramen
C/f – painless progressive unilateral nasal obstruction , epistaxis
CT – Heterodense mass with avid enhancement , widening of pterygopalatine
fossa, bowing of posterior wall of maxillary sinus (Holman Miller sign), bony
erosion
Main blood supply – Internal maxillary artery, branch of ECA , others – ascending
pharyngeal , palatine
Treatment – Preop Embolization – Surgical resection
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. 6 D’s of neuropathic joint
Phases of neuropathic joint
Causes of neuropathic joint
19. DISTINCT LACK OF SUBJECTIVE / OBJECTIVE PAIN
DESPITE JOINT SWELLING / INSTABILITY /
CREPITATIONS
Bone and joint changes that occur
secondary to loss of sensation
AKA CHARCOT JOINT
NEUROPATHIC JOINT
20. DISTENDED JOINT - early due to effusion
DENSITY INCREASE – subchondral sclerosis
DEBRIS PRODUCTION – intra-articular bony fragments
DISLOCATION – malalignment of joint surface
DISORGANISATION – bag of bones (joint components
disrupted)
DESTRUCTION – loss of bone substance
31. AP and lateral radiographs of the skull show multiple tiny lucent areas with areas of
sclerosis in between, giving rise to salt and pepper skull appearance.
Radiographs of both the legs, knees and left humerus show diffuse osteoporosis with
few well defined lytic areas.
Radiograph of the hand shows osteoporosis with coarse trabeculations of the
phalanges with mild erosions along tteh radial aspect.
32. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Primary : Hyperproduction of PTH due to
adenoma/hyperplasia/carcinoma
Secondary : Feedback response to hypocalcemia (renal osteodystrophy)
Tertiary : Autonomous parathyroid adenoma
33.
34. FINDINGS
Osteopenia
Subperiosteal resorption: classically along radial aspects of phalanges
Floating tooth
Subchondral resorption (lateral end of clavicles, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joints)
Subligamentous resorption(ischial tuberosity, trochanters)
Brown tumors(more common in primary)
Salt and pepper skull
Rugger jersey spine
35. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism may be associated with osteosclerosis of
renal osteodystrophy and osteomalacia of vitamin D deficiency
Superior and inferior rib notching may be seen
46. Most common soft tissue tumor
On USG , it appears as echogenic (isoechoic to fat and echogenic to muscle) well-defined lesion
with echogenic capsule
On MRI, lipoma shows a similar signal to fat on all sequences
47. On ultrasound, hemangioma appears moderately well defined and hypoechoic but can be
heteroechoic due to internal adipose and calcium contents. Doppler may depict prominent vascular
channels with the flow.
On MRI it is intensely hyperintense on T2 and hypointense on T1. It shows homogenous
enhancement. The phleboliths are seen as signal void on both T1- and T2-weighted images and
may show blooming artifact on gradient echo images
48. Color Doppler is useful to see the internal vascularity including the arterial flow in case of high flow types.
MRI shows T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense signal, signal voids (reflecting areas of high flow), and
susceptibility artifacts (areas of thrombosis).
Vascular malformations can be classified as either low-flow or high-flow lesions with dynamic contrast-
enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography.
49. On the US, it appears homogenously hypoechoic and most commonly seen on flexor surface often
in relation to an annular pulley.[
MR reveals a focal nodular mass adjacent to a tendon sheath with heterogeneous low to
intermediate signal on all pulse sequences
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) both at clinical examination and even at gross pathology
looks similar to FTS. TSGCT, generally, show susceptibility artifacts on GRE images and adjacent
cortical erosion on a plain radiograph; both features are absent in FTS.
50. presents as a lobulated painless soft tissue mass immediately adjacent to tendon sheath.
Plain radiograph can show cortical erosions on the underlying bone ~ 20%. Ultrasound shows
homogenous hypoechoic lesion with internal vascularity.
On MR, it shows T1 low- and T2 low-to-intermediate signal. It shows intense contrast enhancement
as well.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55. PARAVERTEBRAL SOFT TISSUE DIFFERENTIALS
NEOPLASM
NEUROGENI
C
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
Paraganglioma
Pheochromocytoma
NON
NEUROGENI
C
Lymphoma
Metastasis
Oesophageal Ca
INFECTION
PARASPINA
L ABSCESS
FOREGUT
DUPLICATION
CYST
NEURENTERIC
ESOPHAGEAL
BRONCHOGENIC
INFLAMMATION
MEDIASTINITIS
SARCOIDOSIS
PSEUDOCYST
OTHERS
LYMPHADENOPATHY
ANEURYSM
EXTRAMEDULLARY
HEMATOPOEISIS
HEMATOMA
HIATUS/ BOCHADALEK
HERNIA
59. THALASSEMIA SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Spine less affected Spine more affected
More marrow hyperplasia Less marrow hyperplasia
Skull more affected Skull less affected
Infarctions less common Infarctions more common
Extramedullary hematopoiesis Osteomyelitis
64. Dorsoplantar radiograph of the foot shows destruction of the head of the 5th
metatarsal and the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe with apparant
widening of teh joint space.
There is associated minimal soft tissue swelling
65. Foot radiograph :
Dorsoplantar: metatarsals in neutral position
Medial: DP projection with the foot angled 30-40° medially
Lateral
Weight bearing
69. Sequestrum : Dead bone(cortical and medullary necrosis)
Involucrum : New bone formation
Cloaca : opening in the involucrum (decompression)
Marjoulin’s ulcer
70.
71. Latent period :
Extremities : 10 days
Spine : 21 days
Earliest detection : Bone scan by Tc-MDP, Ga-67
MRI : T1 hypo, T2 hyper
72.
73. Soft tissue swelling
Fat planes : Neoplasm vs infective
Bone : Moth eateb or permeative destruction
Periosteal reaction
75. Draining sinus
Debris
Bone : Destruction of the cortex
Involucrum
Cloaca
Sequestrum
Sclerosis
Joint: loss of joint space; healing by ankylosis
76.
77. physiologic periostitis, most common cause before 6 months old
Caffey disease
chronic venous insufficiency
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
congenital syphilis
fluorosis
thyroid acropachy
hypervitaminosis A
78. Infantile cortical hyperostosis
Type I collagenopathy
painful soft tissue swelling, erythema, fever, irritability
<5 months of age
Most common : flat bones (mandible)
Ulna among long bones
79. Xray foot views
Types of periosteal reaction
Radiological signs of osteomyelitis
80.
81.
82.
83.
84. Differentials
10% rule in wilms tumor
Causes of intra and retroperitoneal masses in children
85. There is fullness in the left side of the abdomen with the displacement of the bowel
loops to the right
There are no calcifications
The opacity is crossing the midline
The lung fields are clear
88. Neuroblastoma Nephroblastoma
Age <2 yrs 3-4 yrs
Presentatio
n
Painful abdominal mass Painless abdominal mass + hematuria
Calcificatio
n
+++ +
Compositio
n
Predominantly solid Predominantly cystic
Margin Poorly circumscribed Well marginated
Vessels Encases Displaces; Invades IVC
Spinal
canal
involvemen
t
+ -
Crosses
midline
+ -
Metastasis Bone Lungs
89. Most commonly from the adrenal glands
Along the sympathetic chain
May present directly with metastasis
Raccoon eye
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome
MIBG scintigraphy
92. 1. Clear cell sarcoma:
Early skeletal mets
2. Renal rhabdoid tumor:
Associated with brain tumors, especially in posterior fossa
3. Pediatric RCC:
10-20yrs (RCC > Wilms in second decade)
Calcifications more common
100. LÜCKENSCHÄDEL SKULL
LACUNAR SKULL/ CRANIOLACUNAE
DYSPLASIA OF SKULL VAULTT- INNER TABLE>OUTER
CHIARI II MALFORMATION
abnormal collagen development and ossification
COPPER BEATEN SKULL
CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS/ OBSTRUCTIVE HYDROCEPHALUS/
SOL
Gyral impressions on the inner table of the skull
109. AP and lateral radiographs of the skull show a well defined lytic lesion involving
the left ramus of the mandible causing scalloping of the medial margin with
associated soft tissue swelling.
110. MANDIBLE XRAY
Axiolateral oblique
The patient is seated upright
Give true lateral position
Slightly extend the neck
Tilt the head towards the detector
Central ray 25-30 degree cephalad
111.
112. The patient is stationary, while the x ray source and the film rotates.
sitting/standing completely upright
head immobilized and on a chin rest
biting down on a radiolucent bite block
tongue against the hard palate
113.
114.
115.
116. Radioloucent mandibular lesions
Odontogenic Non-odontogenic
Well defined
margins
Ill defined margins Well defined
margins
Ill defined margins
Cysti
c
Solid Cysti
c
Solid
• Odontogenic
keratocyst
• Residual cyst
Ameloblasto
ma
Malignant
Odontogenic
tumors
• Odontogenic
carcinoma
• Stafne cyst/
static bone
cavity
• Simple bone
cyst
• Central
giant cell
granuloma
• Venous
malformation
• Langerhan
cell
histiocytosis
• Brown
tumor
Osteomyelitis
Osteonecrosis
Malignant non-
odontogenic tumors
• SCC of the oral
cavity invading the
jaw
• Metastases
• Hematological
malignancy
• Sarcoma
(osteosarcoma/cho
ndrosarcoma/fibros
arcoma)
• Malignant
transformation of
intraosseous
117. Infection from carious tooth spreads to the pulp of the tooth
Formation of granuloma and abscess
120. Benign intraosseous tumours arising from the dental lamina.
Like dentigerous cysts, OKCs are also often associated with unerupted or
impacted teeth. However, unlike dentigerous cysts, these cysts when large envelop
the entire tooth and not just the crown.
121. Characteristic pattern of growth - expansion along the axis of the mandible with
relatively little expansion along the buccolingual axis.
MRI-
T1WI -heterogeneous intermediate-to-high signal
T2WI -low-to-high signal owing to keratinaceous contents within.
Postcontrast images-Thin or thick rim enhancement .
DWI- Diffusion restriction due to the proteinaceous contents of the cyst
(characteristically seen in OKC)
122.
123.
124. Benign but locally aggressive odontogenic tumor
Typical location-posterior mandible (posterior body and ramus).
Painless swelling/incidental
125. Radiolucent, unilocular or multilocular.
Septations within the lesion -“honeycomb” or “soap bubble” appearance.
The lesion usually shows marked buccolingual expansion with cortical
thinning/breach . There may be accompanying teeth displacement and resorption.
Enhancement of solid component on CT and MR.
Cystic component with low T1W and high T2W signal.
Diffusion restriction of solid component.
126. Types :
Unicystic : No solid component
Extra-osseous : buccal mucosa, lips, floor of mouth, tongue base
Metastasizing
127.
128. Ameloblastoma OKC
Enhancement pattern Enhancement of solid
component
Rim enhancement
Pattern of expansion Buccolingual expansion Expansion along
anteroposterior axis
Cystic component T1WI- low signal,
T2WI- High signal
T1WI- intermediate to bright
signal,
T2WI- low to high signal
Solid component- DWI Restricted diffusion
Cystic component- DWI Facilitated diffusion Restricted diffusion
129.
130. Pseudocyst
Angle of jaw
Aberrant submandibular gland or fat causing remodelling
131.
132. Young women
Anterior mandible, crosses midline
Painful swelling
133.
134. Mandible is 2nd most commonly invovled after skull
Children
Floating tooth sign
153. Frontal chest radiograph shows few ill defined patchy opacities in both the lung
fields, few of them showing cavitatory changes. TCC seen in situ.
Compared to the previous radiograph there is reduction in the number of opacities
with cavitatory changes.
154. Malignancy:
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Metastasis :
squamous cell ca
adenoca from GIT/breast
sarcoma
cervical carcinoma
urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
168. Radiographic views for ankle joint
Lytic lesions of calcaneum
Leave alone/ Do not touch lesions
169.
170. INDICATION
Ankle farcture/dislocation
Talus involvement
Osteoarthritis ankle
•The leg must be rotated internally 15° to 20°, thus aligning the
intermalleolar line parallel to the detector. This usually results in the
5th toe being directly in line with the center of the calcaneum
•To differentiate from AP – the tibia , fibula , talus overlap is gone
171. BIG G
• B: BONE CYST
• I: INTRAOSSEOUS LIPOMA
• G: GANGLION(INTRAOSSEOUS)
• G: GIANT CELL TUMOR
174. So characteristic radiographically, that further
diagnostic tests such as a biopsy are
unnecessary and can be frankly misleading
and lead to additional unnecessary surgery.
Thus a radiologic diagnosis should be made
without a list of differential possibilities.
• non-ossifying fibroma
• bone island (enostoses)
• unicameral bone cysts
• bone infarction
• pseudotumor of the calcaneus
• osteopoikilosis
• fibrous dysplasia
• vertebral hemangioma
175. Progressive cystic swelling of muscle / bone due to repeated bleeding
Xray - well-defined, unilocular or multiloculated, lytic, expansile lesions
MRI- hypointense rim on both T1 and T2-weighted images consists of fibrous tissue that contains
hemosiderin.
Treatment - low-dose radiotherapy, percutaneous curettage, surgical resection, or filling with bone
graft or other compounds
176.
177.
178.
179.
180. Radiographic view for
acetabulum
Zones of transition
Tumors crossing joint space
182. Iliac oblique
ilioischial line of the posterior column
the posterior column
the roof of the acetabulum
Iliac crest.
Obturator oblique
iliopectineal line of the anterior column
the anterior column
the posterior acetabular wall
obturator foramen
192. Frontal chest radiograph shows an air fluid level in the right paracardiac region.
The nasogastric tube is seen passing through it.
The fundic bubble is not seen.
There is obliteration of both the costophrenic angles
193. Operative history :
Gastric pull up
Colonic transposition
No operative history :
Achalasia
Esophageal carcinoma
Hernia
Loculated hydropneumothorax
Lung abscess
194.
195.
196.
197. Describe the findings
Differentials
Neurogenic bladder
198. Scout film shows enlarged renal shadows
Full bladder image shows a well distended urinary bladder with multiple broad
based diverticulae and wall irregularities.
On straining there is no vesicoureteric reflux.
201. Sensory : Inability to sense bladder fullness results in a large rounded and smooth
bladder. Voiding is often preserved.
Motor : Atonic large bladder with the inability of detrusor contraction during
voiding.
Reflex/uninhibited : Lesions above S2 level (Christmas tree/pine cone appearance)
204. Non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder
Neuropsychological entity
Associated with voiding dysfunction, UTI, incontinence.
The latter can exacerbate the former leading to a vicious cycle
205. large bladder capacity
reduced sensation
increased maximal urethral closure pressure
detrusor underactivity.
Several hypotheses:
hormonal changes (PCOS)
abnormal stabilization of the muscle membrane
primary failure of relaxation of the striated muscle of the urethra sphincter
increased urethral afferent activity, inhibiting the bladder afferent signals from reaching the
brain by potentiating a spinal mechanism of urinary continence.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211. Complications of osteochondroma
Signs of malignant transformation
Role of MRI in osteochondroma
212. Metaphyseal
Grows away from joint
Cortex and marrow is continuous with the parent bone
213. Hereditary multiple exostoses together with enchondromatosis -
METACHONDROMATOSIS.
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica
TREVOR DISEASE
Osteochondromas arising from the epiphyses
214. Sarcomatous transformation - mnemonic GLAD PAST 1:
• growth after skeletal maturity
• lucency (new)
• additional scintigraphic activity
• destruction (cortical)
• pain after puberty
• and
• soft tissue mass
• thickened cartilage cap greater than 1.5 cm
215. To assess the cartilage thickness
Assess for malignant transformation
The cartilage cap of osteochondromas appears the same as cartilage elsewhere, with intermediate to low
signal on T1 and high signal on T2 weighted images.
cartilage cap of over 1.5 cm in thickness after skeletal maturity is suspicious for malignant degeneration
216. • impingement upon nearby structures
• nerve compression (up to 25%)
• vascular compression
• reactive myositis
• bursal formation and bursitis
• osteoarthritis from secondary joint deformity
• fracture post-trauma: most commonly through the neck of pedunculated lesions