2. CLAUSE AS REPRESENTATION:
TRANSITIVITY
Clause also represents experience (ideational
meaning: experiential)
Basically experience consists of three constituents:
- process or the event / happening, realized in
verbal groups.
- participants, realized in nominal groups, and
- circumstance, realized in nominal groups or
prepositional phrase.
In English, there are 6 types of processes:
material, mental, verbal, behavioral,
relational, and existential processes.
4. TYPES OF PROCESSES
Existential processes Material processes
Mental processes Relational processes
Behavioural processes Verbal processes
Types of processes
5. PROCESS TYPES AND PARTICIPANT ROLES
Process
type
Category Meaning Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Material •Doing Happening
•Outside human being
Actor Goal Recipient (to)
Client (for)
Mental •Sensing
•Inside human being
•One human
participant
•Reversible in
participant
Senser Phenomenon -
Relational •Being and Having
1. Identifying
2. Attributing
Carrier Token Value
Attribute
Beneficiary
Beneficiary
Verbal •Saying
•Informing
Sayer Verbiage Receiver
Behavioral Physiological Behaver - -
Existential Existence of entity - Existent -
6. MATERIAL PROCESS
A process of doing, physical action.
There are two types of material process: happening
and doing. Happening material process is
characterized by the absence of goal, while doing
material process is characterized with the presence
of goal.
Participants in material process involves: actor (the
doer), goal (affected participant), beneficiary (client
and recipient), and range.
7. MATERIAL PROCESS
‘doing’ ‘happening’
(transitive) (intransitive)
John is
cooking
pizza John is
cooking
actor
process goal actor process
doing: actor – process – goal
- creative (making goal): create, make, build, develop, etc.
- dispositive (affecting goal): send, throw, strew, pour,
dissolve, etc.
happening: actor – process
- move, fall, rise, come, go, soften, harden, melt, etc.
8. MATERIAL PROCESS
1. Material process in passive
The pizza is being cooked by John
goal process actor
Agentless passive
The pizza is being cooked
goal process
2. Material process with dispositive –recipient
- give, hand, throw, deliver, send, etc.
John sent Mac a table
actor process recipient goal
John sent a table to Mac
actor process goal recipient
9. MATERIAL PROCESS
3. Material process with dispositive – client
- buy, make, get, do, cook, bake, etc.
John baked Mac pizza
actor process client goal
John baked pizza for Mac
actor process goal client
4. Material process with range:
- range can be an extension of process and a scope of process
- range is not an entity.
John play guitar
sang a song
actor process range (extension of
process
John climbed the hill
actor process range (scope of
process
10. MENTAL PROCESS
A process of sensing: perception, cognition, and
affection.
Perception: perceive, see, notice, observe, feel,
smell, taste, hear, etc.
Cognition: assume, believe, conclude, consider,
discover, doubt, etc.
Affection: enjoy, relish, regret, like, fear, dread.
Favor, love, prefer, etc.
Participants: senser and phenomenon
Three types of phenomena: micro (thing), macro
(thing with embedded process), meta (an idea)
11. MENTAL PROCESS
John likes
saw
wondered
pizza (micro)
him selecting a shirt
(macro)
why he was chosen
(meta)
senser process phenomenon
To test:
1. at the moment of speaking: simple
- No one sees him.
- * No one is seeing him
2. bi-directional:
- I fear that man / that man frightens me
- I like it / It pleases me
- I don’t understand it / It puzzles me
- grieve / sadden, believe / convince, forget / escape, recall / remind
3. Mental process does not work with a question: ‘What did he do?’
-* What did he do? He liked the man.
12. VERBAL PROCESS
A process of saying
Participants: sayer, verbiage, receiver
John asked
told
said
him
them
a question
a story
he’s sick
sayer process receiver verbiage
13. BEHAVIORAL PROCESS
Process of behaving
2 types: verbal behavior and mental behavior
Verbal behavior: talk, chat, converse, speak, call,
discuss, abuse, flatter, etc. The participants:
behaver, receiver, verbiage.
Mental behavior: look at, watch, listen to,
experience, survey, smile, laugh, cry, memorize,
concentrate, mediate, etc. The participants include
behaver, and phenomenon.
John
They
Talked
chatted
to her
each other
about the test
about the game
behaver process receiver verbiage
He looked
at
studied
the carving
the opera
behaver process phenomenon
The example:
14. RELATIONAL PROCESS
Attributive relational process:
a process of giving attribute to a thing
participants: carrier and attribute
types of attributives:
• appearance: be, seem, appear, sound, look, taste,
smell, feel, etc.
• phase: become, remain, turn, grow, run, come, keep,
stay, etc.
• measure: weight, cost, measure, number
Two types: attributive and identifying
15. To test:
Ben is a farmer
* A farmer is Ben
Attributive with conflated process and attribute:
- matter, suffice, differ, dominate, smell
It
It
They
matters
suffices
dominate
carrier process/attribute
He
She
They
It
is
becomes
grew
costs
at home
an engineer
wild
Rp 5.000,-
carrier process attribute
With ‘have’
He Has a piano
carrier process attribute
For Example
16. IDENTIFYING RELATIONAL PROCESS
A process of giving a value to a thing
Participants: token and value
Types:
- Be: is, am, are, was, were, been
- Equality: equal, add up to, make, come out
as/at, amount to, translate, render,
paraphrase, reformulate, transliterate
- Signification: signify, expound, code, encode,
express, realize, spell, write, transcribe, read,
mean, denote, connote, define, call, name
- Representation: symbolize, represent, stand for, refer to, imply,
index, express, reflect, personify
- Indication: indicate, suggest, betoken, connote, smack of, evoke,
reveal
- Role: play/act as, function, portray, typify, personify
17. IDENTIFYING RELATIONAL PROCESS
Ben
This
is
reflects
the farmer
the crisis
token process value
To test:
1. reversible
2. Token takes subject in active
3. Token is more concrete than value
The
farmer
The crisis
is
is reflected
Ben
by this
value process token
For Example:
18. EXISTENTIAL PROCESS
A process of projecting that something exists
Participant: existent
There is a book on the table
process existent circumstance
Ebola existed in Ethiopia
existent process circumstance
For example:
19. The man bought an apple
Actor Process: Material Goal
The man gave me an apple
Actor Process:
Material
Client Goal
The man likes an apple
Senser Process: Mental Phenomenon
The man is the teacher
Token Process:
Relational
Value
The man is a teacher
Carrier Process:
Relational
Attribute
EXAMPLES
20. The man has an apple
Possessor Process:
Relational
Possessed
The man told the truth
Sayer Process: Verbal Verbiage
The man smiled
Behaver Process: Behavioural
The man told us the truth
Sayer Process: Verbal Receiver Verbiage
There are some boys in the field
- Process:
Existential
Existent Circumstance
EXAMPLES
21. CIRCUMSTANCE
There are 9 types of circumstances
1. Extent
2. Location
3. manner
4. Cause
5. Contingency
6. accompaniment
7. Role
8. Matter
9. Angle
22. Type Wh-item Examples of realization
1. Extent
Distance
Duration
frequency
How far?
How long?
How many
times?
for; throughout ‘measured’; nominal group
for; throughout ‘measured’; nominal group
‘measured’ nominal group
2.Location
Place where? [there,
here]
at, in, on, by, near; to, towards, into, onto,
(away) from, out of, off; behind, in front of,
above, below,
under, alongside . . .
adverb of place: abroad, overseas, home,
upstairs,
downstairs, inside, outside; out, up, down,
behind;
left, right, straight . . .; there, here
time when? [then,
now]
at, in, on; to, until, till, towards, into, from,
since, during, before, after
adverb of time: today, yesterday, tomorrow;
now,
then
23. Type Wh-item Examples of realization
3. Manner
means
how? [thus] by, through, with, by means of, out of )+
material),
from
quality how? [thus] in + a + quality (e.g. dignified) + manner/way,
with + abstraction (e.g. dignity); according to
adverbs in -ly, -wise; fast, well; together,
jointly,
separately, respectively
comparison how? what
like?
like, unlike; in + the manner of . . .
adverbs of comparison differently
degree how much? to + a high/low/ . . . degree/extent;
adverbs of degree much, greatly,
considerably,
deeply [often collocationally linked to lexical
verb,
e.g. love + deeply, understand + completely]
24. Type Wh-item Examples of realization
4. Cause
reason why? reason why? because of, as a result of,
thanks to, due to, for want of, for, of, out of,
through
Purpose why? purpose why? what for? for, for the purpose
of, for the sake of, in the hope of
behalf who for? behalf who for? for, for the sake of, in favour of,
against [‘not in
favour of’], on behalf of
degree how much? to + a high/low/ . . . degree/extent;
adverbs of degree much, greatly,
considerably,
deeply [often collocationally linked to lexical
verb,
e.g. love + deeply, understand + completely]
5.Contingency
condition why? in case of, in the event of
25. Type Wh-item Examples of realization
default in default of, in the absence of, short of,
without [‘if it had not been for’]
concession concession despite, in spite of
6. Accompaniment
Comitative who/what
with?
with; without
additive And who/
what else?
as well as, besides; instead of
7. Role
guise what as? as, by way of, in the role/shape/guise/form
of
product what into? into
8. Matter what
about?
about, concerning, on, of, with reference
to, in
[‘with respect to’]9.
9. Angle
source
viewpoint
Angle source according to, in the words of
to, in the view/opinion of, from the
standpoint of
