This ppt is beneficial for the pathology subject

3.  Cell damage is a variety of changes of stress
that a cell suffers due to external as well as
internal environmental changes.

4. DEPENDS UPON FOLLOWING
 Type of cell and tissue involved
 Extent and type of cell injury

5. 1Atrophy
2HYPER
TROPHY
3Hyper
plasia
4Meta
plasia

6.  REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY/ DEGENERATION:
stress is mild to moderate; injured cell may
recover
 IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY/ NECROSIS :
persistent & severe form of cell injury leads
to cell death.

7.  cell death is the event of a biological cell
ceasing to carry out its functions.

9. Cell death
Programmed
cell death
APOPTOSIS
AUTOPHAGY
NECROSIS

10.  Necrosis is the pattern of cell death that
occurs in response to injuries such as
hypoxia, extremes of temperature, toxins,
physical trauma, and infection with lytic
viruses.

11. COAGULATIVE
LIQUEFACTIVE
OPTI
ON
GRAPH
IC
FIBROID
A
B
C
D
E
F
CASEOUS
FAT
GANGRENOUS
C

12.  Coagulative necrosis generally occurs due to
an infarct and can occur in all the cells of the
body except the brain.
 The heart, kidney, adrenal glands or spleen
are good examples of coagulative necrosis.
Cells that undergo coagulative necrosis can
become dry, hard, and white.

13. Gross
appearance:
a pale segment
may be seen in
contrast to
surrounding
healthy tissues.
The segment
may be hard to
the touch.

14.  Liquefactive necrosis can be associated from
bacterial, viruses, parasites or fungal
infections
 Unlike coagulative necrosis, liquefactive
necrosis forms a viscous liquid mass as the
dead cells are being digested.

15.  Gross appearance:
liquid-like layer can
be seen; pus should
be present.
Yellowing, softening
or swelling of the
tissue should be
seen. Malacia
(softening, or loss of
consistency) should
be present.

16.  Caseous necrosis occurs when the immune
system and body cannot successfully remove
the foreign noxious stimuli. For example,
tuberculosis
Gross appearance: a yellow-
white soft cheesy sphere that
is enclosed by a distinct
border.

17.  Fat necrosis does not denote a type of
necrosis pattern. Instead, it is used to
describe the destruction of fat.
 Gross appearance: soft chalky-white area
should be seen on the pancreas.

18.  Fibrinoid necrosis is associated with vascular
damage (caused mainly by autoimmunity,
immune-complex deposition, infections) and
the exudation of plasma proteins (such as
fibrin)

19.  Gangrenous necrosis generally describes the
damage that has occurred to the extremities
(especially lower) where there is severe
ischaemia.
 These extremities lack in blood supply and
oxygen and typically cause coagulative necrosis
at different tissue planes (this is also called dry
gangrene). Severe frostbite injuries can lead to
dry gangrene.
 If bacterial infection occurred, liquefactive
necrosis could also be occurring due to the
degrading enzymes and the involvement of the
leukocytes. When liquefactive necrosis is present,
the term ‘wet’ gangrene is used.

20.  Gross appearance: black skin is generally
seen with a degree of putrefaction . Smelling
may give a clue if there is an infection