Geotextiles are the emerging field of technical textile,,,,

1. Welcome to my presentation
Presented by
Md Rakib Hasan
1

2. Geo-textile
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3. CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 02: HISTORY
CHAPTER 03: EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 04: SOME GEO-TEXTILE PRODUCTS:
CHAPTER 05: APPLICATION OF GEO-TEXTILE
CHAPTER 06: FUNCTION OF GEO-TEXTILE
CHAPTER 07: REQUIRED PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 08: TYPES
CHAPTER 09: SELECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
CHAPTER 10: MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
CHAPTER 11: MANUFACTURER
CHAPTER 12: EVALUATION.
CHAPTER 13: MARKET OF GEOTEXTILE.
CHAPTER 14: GEO-TEXTILE IN BANGLADESH
CHAPTER 15: PROSPECT IN BANGLADESH
CHAPTER 16: PRICE OF GEO-TEXTILE
CHAPTER 17: CONCLUSION
3
Contents'

4. Abstract
Geotextiles, an emerging field of Technical Textiles, offer
great potential in varied areas of applications globally. A
critical evaluation of their significant contribution to the
development of different infrastructural establishment has
been summarized with their functions, different application
areas, raw materials and manufacturing techniques along with
details product overview. Future possibilities and market
trends has been also estimated precisely considering
continuous technological revolution and market growth.
4

5. History
Geo-textiles were one of the first textile products in human history.
Excavations of ancient Egyptian sites show the use of mats made of
grass and linen. Geo-textiles were used in roadway construction in
the days of the Pharaohs to stabilize roadways and their edges.
These early geo-textiles were made of natural fibres, fabrics or
vegetation mixed with soil to improve road quality, particularly
when roads were made on unstable soil.
According to the historical record,
1. It is believed that the first applications of geo textiles were woven
industrial fabrics used in 1950’s.
2. One of the earliest documented cases was a waterfront structure
built in Florida in 1958.
3. Then, the first nonwoven geotextile was developed in 1968 by the
Rhone Poulence company in France. It was a comparatively thick
needle-punched polyester, which was used in dam construction in
France during 1970.
5

6. Introduction
• Geo-textiles been used and evaluated for modern road
construction
• Geo-textiles today are highly developed products that must
comply with numerous standards.
• Their primary function is to separate the sub base from the sub
grade resulting in stronger road construction.
• The geo-textile perform this function by providing a dense
mass of fibres at the interface of the two layers.
6

7. Definition
As we know, the prefix of geo-textile, geo, means earth and the
“textile” means fabric. Therefore, according to the definition
of ASTM 4439, the geo-textile is defined as follows:
"A permeable geo-synthetic comprised solely of textiles. Geo-
textiles are used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other
geotechnical engineering-related material as an integral part of
human-made project, structure, or system.“
The ASAE (Society for Engineering in Agricultural, Food, and
Biological Systems) defines a geo-textile as a
“Fabric or synthetic material placed between the soil and a pipe,
gabion, or retaining wall: to enhance water movement and
retard soil movement, and as a blanket to add reinforcement
and separation."
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8. According to Wikipedia,
“Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in
association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter,
reinforce, protect, or drain. Typically made from
polypropylene or polyester, geotextile fabrics come in three
basic forms: woven (looks like mail bag sacking), needle
punched (looks like felt), or heat bonded (looks like ironed
felt).
Geotextile composites have been introduced and products such as
geogrids and meshes have been developed. Overall, these
materials are referred to as geosynthetics and each
configuration—geonets, geogrids and others—can yield
benefits in geotechnical and environmental engineering
design.”
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9. In fact, the geotextile is one of the members of the geo-
synthetic family. Those members include the following
items:
1. Geo-textile.
2. Geo-grids.
3. Geo-nets.
4. Geo-membranes.
5. Geo-synthetic Clay liners.
6. Geo-pipes.
7. Geo-Composites.
9

10. Evolution
• A significant number of structures in the Australasian region
have been constructed using sand contained in geotextile
forms over the last 20 years. The practical experience has
resulted in an evolution of the state of the art with improved
materials, design methods and construction methods. With the
increasing number of diverse community groups involved in
the process of consultation, planning and approval, in some
cases geo-textile structures are providing solutions to coastal
protection and improvement where traditional materials and
their impacts and costs have not been acceptable to the
community and approval authorities. A range of coastal
protection projects using sand filled geotextile structures have
been constructed in Australia at sites from estuarine to open
coast since 1985.
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11. Evolution
1. Green Island
2. Gold Coast Broadwater
3. North Kirra Groyne
4. Russell Heads
5. Lake Victoria
6. Maroochydore River
and Beach
7. Kinka Beach
8. Great Keppel Island
9. Hamilton Island
10. Troubridge Island
11. Airlie Island
12. Towra Point
13. Belongil Spit
14. Stockton Beach
15. Motueka N.Z
16. Waihi N.Z.
17. Narrowneck Reef
18. Maroochydore Groyne
Numerous identified sites are as listed below:
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12. BENCHMARK PROJECTS
1. North Kirra Groyne
Project location
North Kirra, Gold Coast, Queensland
Date constructed
September 1985
Description
120m long x 5m high sand-filled groyne
Cost
~Aus$350,000 (cost of the rock alternative
was estimated at Aus$600,000)
12

13. Project objectives
A temporary structure was needed to retain nourishment to restore the eroded
beach, whilst long-term nourishment solutions were resolved to restore the
long eroded southern Gold Coast beaches. The eroded conditions of these
beaches had long been associated with the economic down turn of the
immediate area due to poor tourism figures.
Geo synthetics used
Heavy duty UV stabilized non-woven staple fibre needle punched geo textile (Terrafix
1200R® ) with high tenacity polyester thread in all seams.
13

14. Maroochy River Groynes
2. Maroochy River Groynes
Project location
Maroochy River, Maroochydore,
Queensland
Date constructed
1994
Description
50m long x 4m high sand-filled groyne
Cost
Aus$219,000
Project objectives
To put in place appropriate
mechanisms to impede the
increasing erosion and river
alignment. (Full details of the
investigation are covered in the
paper by Coughlan and Mootoo
1995).
14

15. Construction techniques
• Two substantial groynes were constructed utilising sand filled geotextile
tubes. Each groyne was fifty metres long and the design incorporated an
extensive foundation layer to counter potential scour as indicated in the
physical modelling. The constructed height of over 4.0 metres utilising a
multiple stack of 1.2 metre diameter tubes, incorporated a 30kN/m geogrid
in the foundation layers and first layer, fully encapsulating the respective
layer to prevent the possibility of lateral displacement
• The tubes were manufactured from polyester staple fibre needle punched
geotextile, and were filled by Council day labour work crews in
conjunction with planned sand nourishment. Having learnt from the Kirra
project where vandalism compromised the integrity of the groyne as a long
term solution the Council opted to encapsulate the two groyne structures in
a grout injected mattress for additional resistance to vandalism and
pedestrian traffic.
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16. Geosynthetics used
• Heavy duty UV stabilised non-woven staple fibre needle
punched geotextile tubes with high tenacity polyester thread in
all seams. Tenax LBO301 Bi-oriented polypropylene geogrid
and Fabri-form polyester woven multifilament grout injected
mattress
16

17. • Stockton Beach Revetment
Project location
Stockton Beach is located to the north of the
Hunter River trained entrance in Newcastle.
Date constructed 1996
Description 48m long by 4.5m high double layer
sand container revetment, at a 1.5H:1V slope.
Cost
Aus$24,000 (materials only)
Project objectives
To provide temporary erosion protection to the
Surf club. Severe erosion to the beachfront at
Stockton beach had placed the Stockton Beach
Surf Lifesaving Club in danger of collapse.
Due to state government regulatory
requirements an interim measure was the only
rapid solution whilst a coastal management
plan was finalised.
17

18. Construction techniques
The empty geotextile containers are placed in a filling frame and filled using an excavator,
the container is then sewn closed using a hand held sewing machine. The containers are
then lifted and placed using a modified rock grab, the rock grab is modified in such a way
as to limit the stress on the geotextile during the lifting operation. The containers when full
were 1.5m x 1.1m x 0.4m and were laid in a stretcher bond format to ensure maximum
interlock at a 1.5H:1V slope. A self- healing “Dutch Toe” was incorporated into the design
to prevent scouring of the toe of the wall during large storm events. The figure 7 shows the
“as built” double skin container layout and the self-healing toe detail.
18

19. •Maroochydore Beach Groyne
Project location
Maroochydore Main Beach, Sunshine
Coast, Queensland
Date constructed
November 2001
Description
100m long x 2.5m high sand-filled groyne
Cost
Aus$210,000
Project objectives
To stabilise the Maroochydore
main beach which had eroded by
approximately 75m within 2
years. The structure had to be
easily removable should it be
detrimental to the beaches north
of the groyne.
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20. Some Geo-textile products
List of some Geo-textile product which has
been registered are given bellow:
• Bentofix®
• Carbofol®
• Combigrid®
• Secudrain®
• Secugrid®
• Secumat®
• Secutex®
• Terrafix®
• Geotextiles
•bidim® Nonwoven Geotextiles
•FilterwrapTM Nonwoven Geotextiles
•Bontec Woven Geotextile
•ELCOMAX® Nonwoven Geotextiles
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• Drainage
•Megaflo® Flat Panel Subsoil Drainage
•Flownet® Biaxial Drainage Nets
•Trinet® Tri-planar Drainage Nets
•Megacell® Cellular Drainage System
•Geosheet® Prefabricated Subsoil
Drainage System
•Greenflo Subsoil Drainage Pipe
•DrainmatTM Structural Drainage
System

21. Some Geo-textile products
•Cellular Confinement
•Geoweb® Cellular Confinement
System
•Geosynthetic Paving
•Sealmac® Polyester Paving Fabric
•Bitac® Multi-Laminate Tape
•Bituthene® Multi-Laminate Tape
•Tensar® ARG Asphalt
Reinforcement Geogrid
•GlasGrid® Pavement Reinforcement
Geogrid
•Geosynthetic Reinforcing
•Basetex® High Strength Geotextile
•Gabion/ Reno Mattresses
•Gabions
•RenoTM Mattresses
•Product Support
•Terramesh® 21
Geosynthetic Clay Liners
• ELCOSEAL® Geosynthetic Clay Liner
(GCL)
Geogrids
• Tensar® SS Biaxial Geogrid
• Tensar Triaxial Geogrid
• Tensar® RE Uniaxial Geogrid
• Tensar Demonstrations
Coastal
• ELCOMAX® Nonwoven Geotextiles
• ELCOROCK® Shoreline Protection
System
Erosion Control
• JUTE Biodegradable Erosion Control Mat
• The COBBER Pin Gun
• TrinterTM Erosion Control Net
• Silt FenceTM Vertical Erosion Control
• GrassrootsTM Turf Reinforcement Mat
• Enviromat® Erosion Control Blanket
• GrassProtectaTM Reinforcement Mesh

22. Application of Geo-textile
Land filling:
1.Landfill capping
2.Landfill base lining
3.Reclamation and
redevelopment of
contaminated sites
4.Gas Collection
22
Ground water protection:
1. Single component
sealing systems
2. Double liner sealing
systems
3. Groundwater
protection in transport
infrastructure

23. Application of Geo-textile
Civil Engineering Construction:
1. Geo-synthetics in classified road construction
2. Geo-synthetics for Construction roads and heavily
trafficked areas
3. Groundwater protection in transport infrastructure
4. Geo-synthetics in slope stabilization
5. Geo-synthetics for retaining walls
6. Geo-synthetics for drainage of structures
7. Geo-synthetics for building over soft subsoils
8. Geo-synthetics in pipeline construction
23

24. Application of Geo-textile
•Tunnel Construction.
•Water Proofing
•Hydraulic Engineering.
1. Coastal protection
2. Flowing waters
3. Dammed-up waters
4. Dyke construction
•Roads.
1. Subsoil Drainage.
2. Paving Fabric
3. Base Reinforcement
•Embankment Reinforcement
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25. Function of Geo-textile
Functions of Geo textiles are listed below:
1. Filtration.
2. Drainage.
3. Separation.
4. Protection.
5. Reinforcement.
6. Sealing.
7. Packing.
8. Erosion Control.
25

26. Filtration
A geotextile filter layer withholds solid
components, whilst allowing liquids to pass
almost freely perpendicular to the filter plane.
It is differentiated between the mechanical
strength (soil retention capacity) and the
hydraulic filter effectiveness both with the aim
to achieve a water drainage with a minimum
loss of pressure.
Mechanically bonded nonwovens are especially suitable for this function if the
nonwoven thickness is at least 30 times larger than the selected opening size. This
has been determined by inspecting mechanically bonded nonwovens which have
been in service for relatively long periods of time. A thickness adjusted to the
opening size allows a depth filtration and prevents the development of a filter cake at
the interface between geotextile and soil which would reduce the water permeability.
The water permeability of the mechanically bonded nonwoven adjusted to the soil is
hence ensured in the long term.
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27. Drainage
Drainage is the collection of
precipitation, groundwater and
other liquids or gases which have to
be discharged. Drainage systems
are supplied as single elements or
composites consisting of at least
one filtering layer and one
percolation layer.
In order to allow long-term drainage performance of the percolation layer, filter
geotextiles are deployed to transmit shear stress on the percolation layer.
Mechanically bonded nonwovens (see filtration) are especially suitable for filtration
functions. Randomly entangled mesh matrices are especially suitable as drainage
layers since they have a stable three-dimensional static structure. Shearing stresses
can be transferred without damage, and thus the long-term hydraulic performance is
maintained.
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28. Separation
Geotextiles separate adjacent soil types or
fill materials preventing them from
becoming intermixed. They are used in the
form of durable, robust nonwoven or
woven fabrics and/or composites
manufactured of synthetic raw materials
able to withstand high loads.
Mechanically bonded nonwovens are especially suitable for this
function since they adjust themselves very well to irregular
subsoils and also to soft soils due to their high elongation
capacity. This elongation capacity is important to accommodate
the penetration of a stone. The fibres lay themselves around the
stone and prevent the nonwoven structure from being damaged.
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29. Protection
Geomembranes, coated and non-coated
structures need to be protected against
mechanical damage. Without protection
layers, damage would occur from sharp-
edged irregularities of the underground or
the filling material. Nonwovens and
composites are used as protection against
mechanical damage.
Thick mechanically bonded nonwovens have proven to be very
good protection layers. Secutex® PP nonwovens with a mass
per unit area of > 800 g/m2 e. g. are used as a sole protection
layer for geomembranes. However, in fields of application
where lower loads occur, mechanically bonded nonwovens with
a mass per unit area of higher or equal 300 g/m2 are used.
29

30. Reinforcement
When used for reinforcement purposes,
geotextiles, geogrids and composites are
placed below or between soil layers to take
up tensile forces and thereby improve
mechanical properties. They are preferably
used in supporting structures based on the
principle of "reinforced soil" or for
stabilizing earth banks on types of soil
with a poor load-bearing capacity.
Mostly geogrids and wovens are used as reinforcing elements. Reinforcing
elements, where the reinforcing elements are made of yarns of slit films (e.
g. wovens), are more susceptible to installation damage than reinforcing
elements made of polymer ribs with rigid crossing points. Furthermore,
stretched geogrids have lower initial elongations than wovens, for example,
and hence generate an immediate force transfer without construction
elongation.
30

31. Sealing
Sealing is indispensable for environmental
and groundwater protection and
contributes substantially to the fitness for
use and service life of buildings.
Geomembranes of varying thickness,
depending on the intended purpose, are
used as barriers to liquids and gases
mainly in landfills and tunnel construction
and in hydraulic engineering.
Typically, geomembranes manufactured of various polyethylene
formulations (e.g. different densities) are used. Thicknesses are generally
more than 1.0 mm. Geomembranes are deployed and welded together by
approved installers. In areas with reduced stresses, plastic sheets with
thicknesses of 0.3 mm to 1.0 mm can be used. This would be applicable for
non-permanent covers and, for example, pond applications. Geosynthetic
clay liners are used in specific areas, with bentonite performing the sealing
function. 31

32. Packing
In geotechnology and hydraulic
engineering, earth materials in particular
are "packed" in flexible tubes, sacks and
containers. Here geosynthetics perform
separating, filtering, protecting and/or
reinforcing functions, depending on the
type of application involved. The materials
used include nonwovens, wovens,
geogrids and composites.
Due to their very good flexibility, mechanically bonded nonwovens are
especially suited because they allow a robust handling due to the optimal
stress/strain behaviour and adjust well to the subgrade. Moreover, the
flexible system deforms optimally during wave impact absorbing the
impacting forces. The three-dimensional needle-punched nonwovens are
furthermore particularly abrasion-resistant.
32

33. Erosion Control
Three-dimensional geosynthetics and
composites prevent the removal of soil
particles by water and wind. In nature, it is
the plants with their roots that prevent the
soil from being carried away. The natural
formation of vegetation layers, which
often takes years, will be accelerated and
enhanced by the use of erosion control
matting.
Erosion of slopes can be avoided very well with entangled mesh structures,
particularly during vegetation, because the soil which is filled into the three-
dimensional static structure of the randomly entangled mesh is securely held
in place and relatively resistant to washing out.
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34. Required Properties
Physical
properties:
•specific gravity
•weight
•thickness
•stiffness
•density.
Mechanical
properties:
•tenacity
•tensile strength
•bursting
strength
•drapability
•compatibility
•flexibility
•tearing strength
•frictional
resistance
Hydraulic
properties:
•porosity
•permeability
•permittivity
•transitivity
•turbidity /soil
retention
•filtration length
etc.
Degradation
properties:
•biodegradation
•hydrolytic
degradation
•photo
degradation
•chemical
degradation
•mechanical
degradation
•other
degradation
occurring due to
attack of
rodent, termite
etc.
Endurance
properties:
•elongation
•abrasion
resistance
•clogging length
and flow etc.
34

35. Mechanical Proderties
35

36. Hydraulic Properties
36

37. Endurance Properties
37

38. Degradation Properties
38

39. 39

40. Types
GeoTextile
Woven Geotextile
Woven
monofilament
Woven multifilament
Woven slit-film
monofilament
Woven slit-film
multifilament
Non-Woven
Geotextile
Nonwoven
continuous filament
heat bonded
Nonwoven
continuous filament
needle-punched
Nonwoven staple
needle-punched
Nonwoven resin
bonded
Other woven and
nonwoven
combinations
Knitted
40

41. Selection of Raw materials
Different fibres from both natural as well as synthetic category
can be used as geotextiles for various applications.
• Natural fibres: Natural fibers in the form of paper strips,
jute nets, wood shavings or wool mulch are being used as
geotextiles. In certain soil reinforcement applications,
geotextiles have to serve for more than 100 years. But bio-
degradable natural geotextiles are deliberately manufactured
to have relatively short period of life. They are generally
used for prevention of soil erosion until vegetation can
become properly established on the ground surface. The
commonly used natural fibres are –
• Ramie: These are subtropical bast fibres, which are
obtained from their plants 5 to 6 times a year. The fibres
have silky luster and have white appearance even in the
unbleached condition. They constitute of pure cellulose and
possess highest tenacity among all plant fibres.
41

42. Selection of Raw materials
Jute: This is a versatile vegetable fibre which is biodegradable and has the
ability to mix with the soil and serve as a nutrient for vegetation. Their
quick biodegradability becomes weakness for their use as a geotextile.
However, their life span can be extended even up to 20 years through
different treatments and blendings. Thus, it is possible to manufacture
designed biodegradable jute geotextile, having specific tenacity, porosity,
permeability, transmissibility according to need and location specificity.
Soil, soil composition, water, water quality, water flow, landscape etc.
physical situation determines the application and choice of what kind of
jute geotextiles should be used. In contrast to synthetic geotextiles, though
jute geotextileas are less durable but they also have some advantages in
certain area to be used particularly in agro-mulching and similar area to
where quick consolidation are to take place. For erosion control and rural
road considerations, soil protection from natural and seasonal degradation
caused by rain, water, monsoon, wind and cold weather are very important
parameters. Jute geotextiles, as separator, reinforcing and drainage
activities, along with topsoil erosion in shoulder and cracking are used
quite satisfactorily. Furthermore, after degradation of jute geotextiles,
lignomass is formed, which increases the soil organic content, fertility,
texture and also enhance vegetative growth with further consolidation and
stability of soil.
42

43. Selection of Raw materials
Synthetic Fibres: The four main synthetic polymers most
widely used as the raw material for geotextiles are –
1. polyester,
2. polyamide,
3. polyethylene and
4. polypropylene.
The oldest of these is polyethylene which was discovered
in 1931 by ICI. Another group of polymers with a long
production history is the polyamide family, the first of
which was discovered in 1935. The next oldest of the
four main polymer families relevant to geotextile
manufacture is polyester, which was announced in
1941. The most recent polymer family relevant to
geotextiles to be developed was polypropylene, which
was discovered in 1954.
43

44. Selection of Raw materials
• Polyamides (PA): There are two most important types of
polyamides, namely Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 but they are used very
little in geotextiles. The first one an aliphatic polyamide obtained by
the polymerization of petroleum derivative ε-caprolactam. The
second type is also an aliphatic polyamide obtained by the
polymerization of a salt of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine.
These are manufactured in the form of threads which are cut into
granules. They have more strength but less moduli than
polypropylene and polyester They are also readily prone to
hydrolysis.
• Polyesters (PET): Polyester is synthesised by polymerizing
ethylene glycol with dimethyle terephthalate or with terephthalic
acid. The fibre has high strength modulus, creep resistance and
general chemical inertness due too which it is more suitable for
geotextiles. It is attacked by polar solvent like benzyl alcohol,
phenol, and meta-cresol. At pH range of 7 to 10, its life span is
about 50 years. It possesses high resistance to ultraviolet radiations.
However, the installation should be undertaken with care to avoid
unnecessary exposure to light.
44

45. Selection of Raw materials
• Polyethylene (PE): Polyethylene can be produced in a highly
crystalline form, which is an extremely important characteristic in
fiber forming polymer. Three main groups of polyethylene are –
Low density polyethylene (LDPE, density 9.2-9.3 g/cc), Linear low
density polyethylene (LLDPE, density 9.20-9.45 g/cc) and High
density polyethylene (HDPE, density 9.40-9.6 g/cc).
• Polypropylene (PP): Polypropylene is a crystalline thermoplastic
produced by polymerizing propylene monomers in the presence of
stereo-specific Zeigler- Natta catalytic system. Homo-polymers and
co- polymers are two types of polypropylene. Homo polymers are
used for fibre and yarn applications whereas co-polymers are used
for varied industrial applications. Propylene is mainly available in
granular form. Both polyethylene and polypropylene fibres are creep
prone due to their low glass transition temperature. These polymers
are purely hydrocarbons and are chemically inert. They swell by
organic solvent and have excellent resistance to diesel and
lubricating oils. Soil burial studies have shown that except for low
molecular weight component present, neither HDPE nor
polyethylene is attacked by micro-organisms.
45

46. Selection of Raw materials
Some other Polymer also used for geotextile
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Polyvinyl chloride is mainly
used in geo membranes and as a thermo plastic coating
materials. The basic raw materials utilized for production of
PVC is vinyl chloride. PVC is available in free- flowing
powder form.
• Ethylene copolymer Bitumen (ECB): Ethylene copolymer
bitumen membrane has been used in civil engineering
works as sealing materials. For ECB production, the raw
materials used are ethylene and butyl acrylate (together
forming 50-60%) and special bitumen (40-50%).
• Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE): Sealing membranes
based on chlorinated poly ethylene are generally
manufactured from CPE mixed with PVC or sometimes PE.
The properties of CPE depend on quality of PE and degree
of chlorination.
46

47. • The comparative properties of these four polymer
are shown in very general items in Table 1
Polyester Polyamide Polypropylene Polyethylene
Strength H M L L
Elastic modulus H M L L
Strain at failure M M H H
Creep L M H H
Unit weight H M L L
Cost H M L L
Resistance to:
U.V. light stabilized H M H H
unstabilized H M M L
Alkalis L H H H
Fungus, vermin M M M H
Fuel M M L L
Detergents H H H H
H: High; M: Medium; L: Low
47

48. Manufacturing Process.
1. Weaving.
2. Non-woven.
3. Knitting.
48

49. Woven fabrics
Large numbers of geosynthetics are of woven type, which can be sub-
divided into several categories based upon their method of
manufacture. These were the first to be developed from the synthetic
fibers. As their name implies, they are manufactured by adopting
techniques which are similar to weaving usual clothing textiles. This
type has the characteristic appearance of two sets of parallel threads
or yarns --.the yarn running along the length is called warp and the
one perpendicular is called weft. The majority of low to medium
strength woven geo synthetics are manufactured from polypropylene
which can be in the form of extruded tape, silt film, monofilament or
multifilament. Often a combination of yarn types is used in the warp
and weft directions to optimize the performance/cost. Higher
permeability is obtained with monofilament and multifilament than
with flat construction only.
49

50. Non-woven
Non woven geo-synthetics can be manufactured from either short staple fibre
or continuous filament yarn. The fibers can be bonded together by adopting
thermal, chemical or mechanical techniques or a combination of
techniques. The type of fibre (staple or continuous) used has very little
effect on the properties of the non – woven geo synthetics. Non-woven
geotextiles are manufactured through a process of mechanical interlocking
or chemical or thermal bonding of fibres/filaments. Thermally bonded non-
wovens contain wide range of opening sizes and a typical thickness of
about 0.5-1 mm while chemically bonded non-wovens are comparatively
thick usually in the order of 3 mm. On the other hand mechanically bonded
non-wovens have a typical thickness in the range of 2-5 mm and also tend
to be comparatively heavy because a large quantity of polymer filament is
required to provide sufficient number of entangled filament cross wires for
adequate bonding.
50

51. Knitted fabrics
Knitted geosynthetics are manufactured using another process which is
adopted from the clothing textiles industry, namely that of knitting. In this
process interlocking a series of loops of yarn together is made. An example
of a knitted fabric is illustrated in figure. Only a very few knitted types are
produced. All of the knitted geosynthetics are formed by using the knitting
technique in conjunction with some other method of geosynthetics
manufacture, such as weaving.
Apart from these three main types of geotextiles, other geosynthetics used are
geonets, geogrids, geo-cells, geo membranes, geo composites, etc. each
having its own distinct features and used for special applications.
51

52. ManufacturerSl MANUFACTURER Website
1 HanesGeo Comp http://www.webtecgeos.com
2 Propex ,Inc http://www.propexglobal.com/
3 SKAPS Industries www.skaps.com/
4 Willacoochee Ind fab www.winfabusa.com
5 Belton Industries www.beltonindustries.com/
6 Con Tech www.contech-cpi.com
7 Propex www.propexglobal.com/
8 TENCATE www.tencate.com/
9 Thrace-Linq www.thracelinq.com/
10 TNS Advanced Tech www.crownresources.net/
11 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG http://www.naue.com
12 Geofabrics http://www.geofabrics.com.au/
13 Technical Textiles http://www.technicaltextile.net/
14 American Excelsior http://www.americanexcelsior.com/
15 Applied Polymer Systems, Inc. http://www.siltstop.com/
16 Carter Waters http://www.carter-waters.com/
17 CETCO http://www.cetco.com/
19 Flint Industries Incorporated http://www.flintusa.net/
21 Geosynthetica.net http://www.geosynthetica.net/
22 Geosynthetics Consulting http://www.geosyn.biz/
23 Geosynthetic Materials Association http://www.gmanow.com/
24
Industrial Fabrics Association
International http://www.ifai.com/
25 JDR Enterprises, Inc. http://www.j-drain.com/
26 Modular Gabion Systems http://www.gabions.net/
27 North American Green http://www.nagreen.com/
28 Polyguard Products, Inc. http://www.polyguardproducts.com/
29 Presto Geosystems http://www.prestogeo.com/
52

53. Evaluation
53

54. Exhumation After 35 Years of Service
In June 2007, 35 years after installation, George Koerner of GSI and
the author returned to the Smyrna Road site to determine the status
of the road and the condition of the geotextiles. After the various test
plots were located, photographs were taken to characterize the
general area conditions as well as the specific plots. Sample
exhumation followed. Pick and shovel were required to break up the
hard crust of the unpaved road surface, which was well compacted
because the exhumation was done in the most critical area, the tire
tracks. After probing for the location of the geotextile elevation,
which was 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm) from the ground surface,
careful removal of the fill by hand proceeded over an area of
approximately 1 m2. The fabric was then brushed clean. More
photos were taken and the samples were removed and stored in
plastic bags. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate how the geotextile samples
and soil were collected, in addition to monitoring of field soil
conditions.
54

55. 55

56. 56

57. Evaluation
• As shown in Table 4, eight different geotextiles were used at the site. Table 2
shows the results of index and performance testing of 6 of the fabrics used at
this site, prior to installation. There were only two soils (subgrade and base)
used for this project, and their characteristics are given in Table 3. The
geotextile samples were brought to the lab to compare their current physical
characteristics with those of 1972. Unfortunately only GT-A (3.5 osy) and
GT-D (4.0 osy) could be tested because the other geotextiles were
significantly damaged. Grab tensile results show on average a 37 percent
strength retention and a 52 percent elongation retention compared with
historical production data for Typar. Current trapezoid tear strength retention
was approximately 50 percent, and puncture strength 93 percent on average.
Note that current testing was very limited. A summary of results for the two
geotextiles can be seen in Table 5. Analysis of the magnified polypropylene
filaments showed some degradation. For photomicrograph analysis of the
geotextile polymer, it was necessary to remove as much soil and other
interference as possible. Repeated attempts to clean the soil from the
geotextiles were marginal at best, which is why mass per unit area and
thickness results are not reported. As can be seen from the photos, polymeric
deterioration was readily observed in all samples examined. This deterioration
was not only observed in the outer layer of the fibers’ surface but some was
also apparent in the core of the fibers.
• It should be pointed out that the stabilizer package used in 1972 was quite
different and much less effective than today’s stabilizer. Today, Typar uses the
latest inhindered amine light stabilizer packages (HALS). HALS packages act
as free radical scavengers no matter what type of free radical develops. 57

58. Market of Geotextile
Geo-textiles in world market:
• Geo-textile is one of the most rapidly growing
sectors. In comparing with the other technical
textiles, the annual growth rate of geo-textiles is
very high. During the period 2000-2005 the rate
of growth was 4.6% and during2005-2010 the rate
is 5.3%.The table given bellow indicates the
world consumption of all technical textiles and
their annual growth rate. From this table it is clear
that the growth rate of Geo-textiles is the highest.
58

59. Table: World Consumption of technical textile, 1995-2010, volume (tons)
Application
Area
Years
Compound Annual Growth
Rate%
1995 2000 2005 2010 95-00 00-05 05-10
Argotech 1,173 1,381 1,615 1,958 3.3% 3.2% 3.9%
Buildtech 1,261 1,648 2,033 2,591 5.5% 4.3% 5.0%
Clothtech 1,072 1,238 1,413 1,656 2.9% 2.7% 3.2%
Geotech 196 255 319 413 5.4% 4.6% 5.3%
Hometech 1,864 2,186 2,499 2,853 3.2% 2.7% 2.7%
Indutech 1,846 2,205 2,624 3,257 3.6% 3.5% 4.4%
Medtech 1,228 1,543 1,928 2,380 4.7% 4.6% 4.3%
Mobiltech 2,117 2,479 2,828 3,338 3.2% 2.7% 3.4%
Packtech 2,189 2,552 2,990 3,606 3.1% 3.2% 3.8%
Protech 184 238 279 340 5.3% 3.3% 4.0%
Sporttech 841 989 1,153 1,382 3.3% 3.1% 3.7%
Totals 13,971 16,714 19,683 23,774 3.7% 3.3% 3.8%
Source: David Rigby Associates
59

60. • Total Geotextile consumption in 2010 was 4,13,000 tons which is huge
market around the world. Now if we study the region of geotextile
consumer then we’ve found
From the above chart we’ve seen that the Most geotextile application is around Americas then Europe
and also Asia.
So, there is huge possibility of Geotextile marketing over Europe and Americas. 60

61. World demand to rise 8.3% annually through 2015
• Global demand for geosynthetics is projected to increase 8.3
percent annually to 4.5 billion square meters in 2015. This
growth rate is an acceleration from the gains of the 2005-2010
period, reflecting in part the reduced bases of the developed
countries in 2010. Ad-vances will be driven by increasing use
of geosynthetics and the large-scale construction plans in place
in many developing countries. Countries such as China and
India that are building infra-structure and developing
environmental protection regulations and building construction
codes are expected to post the most rapid growth. While
advances in geosynthetics sales are expected to be substantial
in nearly every region, the underlying reasons for that growth
can vary widely.
61

62. Asia/Pacific region to be fastest growing market
• In 2010, North America was the largest regional market, accounting for 31 percent
of global sales. The US is the world’s largest market, with one-quarter of total sales
in 2010. Growth in North America will benefit from the massive size of the US
construction sector, which is expected to rebound through 2015 from a low 2010
base, as well as the need to maintain its large transportation infrastructure. Gains
will also be aided by the region’s building codes and environmental protection
regulations. The Asia/Pacific region was only slightly smaller, accounting for 30
percent of global geosynthetics sales in 2010.
• However, this region is projected to achieve the fastest growth rate through 2015,
primarily driven by China, where sales are expected to more than double by 2015.
China is expected to account for nearly half of new global demand generated
between 2010 and 2015, primarily due to its amount of available land, its ongoing
development of large-scale infrastructure projects, and its need for erosion control.
For similar reasons, India is also expected to post double-digit annual growth
through the forecast period, with sales nearly doubling by 2015, although from a
much smaller base. In many of the least developed countries, however, growth for
geosynthetics will be more limited due to inadequate funding, a lack of regulations
that require their use and the presence of lower-cost alternatives such as natural
fiber geotextiles and rock. Demand in Western Europe and Japan is expected to
rebound from a reduced 2010 base, benefiting from improved construction activity
and the high level of concern in the region for environmental protection. However,
gains are expected to be the slowest among all regions through 2015, indicative of
Western Europe and Japan’s relative maturity in terms of geosynthetics market
penetration as well as the markets in which they are used.
62

63. Geo-textile in Bangladesh
1. Application in Jamuna River bank administration for Bangabandhu
Bridge.
2. Soil Erosion Control and Slope Stability Using Jute Geo-textile on Dhaka
- Sylhet Highway:
3. Soil Erosion Control on Dhaka – Aricha Highway.
4. All types of land filling.
5. DND Dam (embankment).
6. Gomti Dam(embankment).
7. Tista Barrage.
8. All types of Dam.
9. Teknaf Coastal works.
10. Airport.
11. All types of Bridge construction.
12. Etc.
63

64. Jamuna River Bank adminstration for Bangabondhu Bridge
64

65. Prospect in Bangladesh
Prospect of Geo textile in Bangladesh is very
much for following reasons:
1. Lot of scope for application of Geo-textile in
Bangladesh.
2. Production of Geo-textile in Bangladesh.
1. Jute Geo-textile.
2. Synthetic Geo-textile.
65

66. Jute geo-textile
• Using jute as geo-textiles is a recent and emerging technology in geotechnical and
bio-engineering fields. Geo-textiles are not a single commodity. All jute
products can be used as geo-textiles. But one of the most important weaknesses of
the jute products is their quick biodegradability. But their life span can be extended
even up to 20years through different treatments and blending. Thus it is possible to
manufacture designed biodegradable jute geo-textile, having specific tenacity,
porosity, permeability, transmissibility according to need and location specificity.
Advantages of jute geo-textile:
1. Abundant Availability
2. Superior drape ability.
3. Greater Moisture Retention Capacity
4. Lower Costs compared to Synthetic
Geo-textiles
5. Ease of Installation
6. Bio-degradable Properties
66

67. Price of Geo-textile
• Geotextile sand container bags $20 – $180
each
• Geotextile filter cloth $2 – $5/m2
• Non-woven Geo-textile: $0.5 – $5.5/m2
depends upon GSM(80-1000)
67

68. Cost of Geo-textile Application
68

69. Conclusion
Geo-textiles are part of a larger group of materials
which are used in civil, geotechnical , environmental,
and structural engineering applications. These materials
include geo-textiles, geo-membranes, geo-grids, geo-
nets, geo-mats, geo-composites and a host of other geo-
terms, the list of which is growing as new products and
applications are discovered .In many cases, geo-textiles
replace or reduce the need to use natural aggregate
construction materials providing both economic and
environmental benefits. So simply we can say-
“Geo-textiles are smart textiles that consist of a stable
network that retains its relative structure during
handling, placement and long-term service.”
69

70. Thank you
70