Climate Change agreement

1. By Group - 04
Climate Change Agreements:
UNFCCC, Kyoto protocol, the
defining agreements of Paris
and COP

2. 02
About Climate
change
UNFCC & COP Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement Conclusion
01 03
04 05
References
06
Table of Contents

3. About Climate change
01

4. Urgent action is needed to
address climate change and
mitigate its impacts to
ensure a sustainable future
for our planet and future
generations
Climate change poses
significant threats to human
life, including worsening
droughts, rising sea levels,
and the potential for mass
extinction of species.
Human activities, especially
the burning of fossil fuels, are
the primary cause of climate
change by increasing
greenhouse gas levels in the
atmosphere
Climate change is a long-term
shift in temperatures and
weather patterns, resulting in
warming temperatures, changes
in precipitation, rising sea
levels, and melting ice.
What is Climate change ?
03
01
02 04

5. Reasons For Climate Change
 Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, release large amounts
of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to increased global warming
and climate change.
 The main greenhouse gases emitted by human activities include carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases.
 Among these gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) from human activities is the
primary contributor to global warming.
 While natural causes like changes in solar radiation and volcanic eruptions can
affect climate, they do not explain the significant warming observed in recent
decades, which is primarily attributed to human-induced greenhouse gas
emissions.

6. By working together, we can
address the urgent
challenges posed by climate
change and safeguard the
planet for future generations.
Such agreements promote
international cooperation and
knowledge-sharing, enabling
the development and
deployment of clean
technologies.
They provide a framework for
countries to set targets and
implement strategies to
transition to a low-carbon
economy.
Climate change agreements are
necessary to coordinate global
efforts in reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and mitigating the
impacts of climate change.
Need For Climate Change
Agreements 03
01
02 04

7. UNFCCC & COP
02

8. What is
UNFCCC ?
 The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international
treaty adopted in 1992.
 The ultimate aim of the UNFCCC is to prevent
dangerous human interference with the climate
system by stabilizing greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere.
 The UNFCCC has been ratified by 197 countries.
The UNFCCC provides a framework for
international cooperation on climate change and
serves as the basis for negotiating and adopting
international climate agreements, such as the Paris
Agreement.

9. What is
UNFCCC ?
 The UNFCCC also requires countries to report on
their greenhouse gas emissions and to take action to
reduce their emissions and adapt to the impacts of
climate change.
 The UNFCCC is supported by the United Nations
Climate Change secretariat, which provides technical
and organizational support for the implementation of
the Convention and the Paris Agreement.
 The UNFCCC is an essential component of global
efforts to address the urgent threat of climate change.

10. What is it's role in climate change
Global
Negotiations
&
International
Cooperation
Capacity
Building
Financial
Mechanisms
Financial
Mechanisms
Technology
Transfer
Monitoring
and
Assessment

11. Role of the Conference of the Parties (COP)
in addressing climate change
 The Conference of the Parties (COP) plays a central role in addressing climate
change. It is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
 COP meetings bring together representatives from participating countries to
assess progress, negotiate agreements, and make decisions on global climate
action.
 COP meetings have resulted in significant milestones, such as the adoption of
the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.
 COP serves as a platform for countries to discuss and coordinate their efforts
in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to climate impacts, and
mobilizing financial and technological support.

12. COP’s Schedule

13. Agenda For COP’s Meetings
Negotiating and finalizing
agreements
Mobilizing climate finance
Addressing specific issues
Enhancing ambition and
increasing commitments
Sharing knowledge and
promoting collaboration
Reviewing and assessing
progress
01
04
02
05
03
06

14. Kyoto Protocol
03

15. The Kyoto Protocol sets
binding emissions reduction
targets for developed
countries, includes flexible
mechanisms to help
countries meet their targets
The protocol commits that
"Annex 1 countries"(developed
countries) reduce their emissions
to 10% below 1990 levels
Its primary goal is to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions to prevent further
global warming and its
associated impacts
The Kyoto Protocol is an
international treaty that was
adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on
December 11, 1997, and entered
into force on February 16, 2005
Overview
03
01
02 04

16. Key Features
 The Kyoto Protocol targets several greenhouse gases, including
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6).
 It places binding emission reduction commitments on developed
countries (known as Annex I countries).
 The protocol also introduced flexible mechanisms to help countries
meet their targets, including emissions trading, joint implementation,
and the clean development mechanism (CDM).

17. Key Features

18. Partcipation Map

19. Developed Country Commitments
 Developed countries (Annex I) have specific emission reduction
targets based on their 1990 emissions levels.
 These targets vary among countries, but the overall objective is to
collectively reduce emissions by a specific percentage.
 To achieve their targets, developed nations implement various
strategies and policies such as transitioning to cleaner energy sources,
improving energy efficiency, and implementing regulations on
industry emissions.
 However, meeting these commitments has presented challenges for
some developed nations due to economic factors and technological
limitations.

20. Graph

21. Developing Country Involvement
 The Kyoto Protocol recognizes the different capacities and
responsibilities of developed and developing countries.
 Developing countries (non-Annex I) are not legally bound by
emission reduction targets but are encouraged to contribute
voluntarily.
 Developing nations can participate in the protocol through projects
under the CDM, which promotes sustainable development and
emission reduction activities in their countries.
 The protocol also established mechanisms to provide financial and
technological support to help developing countries address climate
change.

22. Flexible Mechanisms
 The Kyoto Protocol introduced flexible mechanisms to facilitate
emission reductions and promote cost-effectiveness.
 Emissions trading allows countries to trade emissions allowances,
enabling nations that exceed their targets to sell surplus allowances to
those struggling to meet theirs.
 Joint implementation allows countries to earn emission reduction
units by investing in projects that reduce emissions in another Annex I
country.
 The clean development mechanism (CDM) enables developed
countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing
countries and receive Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) as
credits towards their own targets.

23. Achievements of the Kyoto
Protocol

24. Criticisms and Challenges
 The Kyoto Protocol has faced criticism and encountered challenges
over the years.
 Some major emitters, such as the United States, did not ratify the
protocol, limiting its effectiveness.
 The exclusion of binding emission reduction commitments for
developing nations has been a point of contention, as they now
account for a significant portion of global emissions.
 Questions have also been raised regarding the overall effectiveness of
the emission reduction targets set by the protocol in mitigating
climate change.

25. Reasons to Implement the Kyoto
Protocol
Mitigating
Climate
Change &
Global
Cooperation
Environmental
Protection,
Health and
Well-being
International
Reputation
and
Leadership
Economic
Opportunities
&
Future
Generations
Adaptation
and
Resilience

26. Outputs of Implementing the
Kyoto Protocol
 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
 Quantifiable Impact on Climate Change
 Development of Sustainable Projects
 International Collaboration and Cooperation
 Technology Transfer
 Capacity Building
 Enhanced Environmental Awareness
 Policy Framework for Subsequent Agreements

27. Results
Aspect Before Implementing
Kyoto Protocol
After Implementing
Kyoto Protocol
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (1990) 30 billion metric tons 28 billion metric tons
Emission Reduction
Targets Not applicable
Varied targets for
developed countries
Renewable Energy
Investment $100 billion per year $300 billion per year
Clean Development
Mechanism Projects) Not applicable
Over 7,000 projects
registered
Technology Transfer
Projects
Limited investment and
initiatives
Over 1,500 technology
transfer projects
Climate Finance Minimal financial support
Increased funding for
climate-related projects
Ratification Status Not applicable Ratified by 192 countries

28. Paris Agreement
04

29. India was clubbed in the
group of emerging
economies and India lived
up to its billing as a
responsible nation in
tackling climate change.
The agreement intends to
reduce and mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions.
There was a marked shift in
the commitments from
various countries.
Before COP 21 in Paris,
countries were asked to
submit Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDC’s).
The Paris Agreement was
adopted by 196 countries at the
UNFCCC Conference of the
Parties (COP 21) in Paris, on 12
December 2015 and entered into
force on 4 November 2016.
What is Paris Agreement ?
03
01
02 04

30. In 2017, the US President
announced his intention to
withdraw from the
agreement. The withdrawal
became official on 4
November 2020.
The Paris Agreement is a
crucial component of global
efforts to address the urgent
threat of climate change and
reduce greenhouse gas
emissions to limit global
warming.
The Paris Agreement differs
from previous climate change
agreements in several ways
like Universal participation,
NDC, Long term goals,
Transparency
The main goal of the Paris
Climate Accord is to limit
global warming to well below
2° Celsius and preferably limit
it to 1.5° Celsius, compared to
pre-industrial levels.
What is Paris Agreement ?
07
05
06 08

32. What is NDC ?
 It stands for Nationally Determined Contributions
 It means the contributions that need to be done by
each country to achieve the overall global goal.
 The contributions need to be reported every 5 years to
UNFCCC.
 The contributions are not legally binding.
 The goal is to make sure that all countries have access
to technical expertise and financial capability to meet
the climate challenges.

33. 20/20/20 Targets of Paris
Agreements
Carbon Dioxide emissions
reductions by 20%
Target to increase energy
efficiency by 20%
Work on increasing the
renewable energy market
share by 20%
Target-1
Target-3
Target-2

34. Paris Agreements Goals

35. Paris Agreements Goals

36. COPS 21 Outcomes

37. All the states have submitted their national contributions to mitigate and adapt to climate
change after 5 years of the agreement.
 China has the highest GHG emissions (30%) while the US contributes 13.5% and the
EU 8.7%. Earlier the emission status was like (China at 13% while, the US had the
highest emissions at 25%, followed by EU at 22%).
 Besides India, only Bhutan, the Philippines, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Morocco, and Gambia
complied with the Paris Climate Accord.
 The contributions are radically insufficient to reach the well below the 2° Celsius limit
and are even further from the 1.5° Celsius limit given in the Paris Agreement.
Status of Global Emission After 5 years of the
Paris Agreement

38.  A United Nations report released earlier this year stated that India’s per capita emissions
are actually 60% lower than the global average.
 The emissions in the country grew 1.4% in 2019, much lower than its average of 3.3%
per year over the last decade.
 Some of the Measures taken by India to Control Emissions:
 National Solar Mission: It is a major initiative of the Government of India and State
Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s
energy security challenge.
 Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms: These are emission control standards put in place by the
government to keep a check on air pollution.
 National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018: The main objective of the policy is to
provide a framework for the promotion of large grid-connected wind-solar photovoltaic
(PV) hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilization of wind and solar resources,
transmission infrastructure and land.
 All these and many other initiatives helped India in cutting CO2 emissions by 164
million kg.
India’s Status of Current Emissions Agreement

39. Financial Support pledged during the Paris 2015
Agreement are as follows
 Developed countries have committed $ 100 Billion a
year.
 Finance would be balanced between mitigation and
adaptation.
 G7 countries announced the US $ 420 Million for
Climate Risk Insurance and the launching of the
Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS)
initiative.
 $ 3 Billion commitment for Green Climate Fund.
Financial Support

40. • India put out a statement that we need to grow rapidly to meet the aspiration of 1.25
Billion population, and out of this 300 Million people are without access to energy.
• Yet despite the growing demands, India has pledged to reduce emissions intensity per
unit GDP by 33-35% of 2005 levels
• Aiming to reach 40% of installed capacity from non-fossil fuels.
• Targeting 175 GW of renewable energy generation by 2022.
• Planning to enlarge forest cover to absorb 2.5 Billion tonnes worth of carbon dioxide.
• Reducing dependence on fossil fuels through levies and reduction in subsidies.
• India exhorted on the principles of equity and differentiated responsibilities
• As per India, equity means national commitments that must be consistent with the
carbon space nations occupy.
• India expects developed countries to mobilize 100 billion US dollars annually by 2020
for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.
India at COP 21

41. Neither the NDCs nor the
disaster risk reduction and
climate risk management
plans are in place to combat
climate-induced extreme
weather phenomena.
The Paris Agreement has not
been able to equitably phase
out fossil fuels
predominantly responsible
for the climate crisis.
Globally updated Nationally
Determined Contributions
(NDCs) to limit global
warming to 1.5°C have failed
even to achieve 2°C target.
After signing of the Agreement,
the last eight years (2015-2022)
have consecutively been the
warmest years on record
globally.
Failure of Paris Agreement
03
01
02 04

43. Suggestions
To complement the Paris Agreement, a
new global framework in the form of a
Fossil Fuel Treaty should be introduced.
Accelerated climate action with
deeper, faster emissions cuts is
needed as tools, the knowledge, and
the solutions are available.
Most industrialized and emission-
belching countries should be made to
follow the Paris Agreement’s
commitments.
Suggestion-1
Suggestion-3
Suggestion-2
Significant investments in
adaptation and resilience are
urgently needed, especially for
the most vulnerable countries and
communities.
Suggestion-4

45. Difference between Kyoto Protocol & Paris
Agreement

46. Conclusion
05

47.  The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) serves as
the foundation for international cooperation in addressing climate change.
 The Kyoto Protocol, an important milestone, established binding emissions reduction
targets for developed countries, though its effectiveness was limited due to the
absence of major emitters such as the United States.
 The defining agreements of the Paris Agreement and subsequent Conference of the
Parties (COP) meetings mark a significant shift towards global consensus and action.
 The Paris Agreement, adopted by 196 countries, sets out a framework for collective
efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change.
 COP meetings continue to serve as platforms for negotiations, progress assessment,
and the development of strategies to combat climate change.
 Moving forward, sustained commitment, collaboration, and ambitious action are
crucial for achieving the goals outlined in these agreements and safeguarding our
planet for future generations.
Conclusion

48. References
06

49. 1. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2021/11/is-the-global-climate-governance-system-
working/
2. https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement.
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/united-nations-
framework-convention-on-climate-change.
4. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/what-were-the-outcomes-of-cop26/
5. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/paris-agreement/
6. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paris-Agreement-2015.
7. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/08_unfccc_kp_ref_manual.pdf
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol.
9. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kyoto.asp.
10. https://www.myclimate.org/information/faq/faq-detail/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/
References

50. Contributions
NAME CONTRIBUTION
Amol D Gadade UNFCCC & COP
Onkar N Sangar Collected information regarding Kyoto Protocol
from different papers
Aniket A Ramteke
Punit A Gohil Prepared the presentation & collected
Information about Paris Agreement through
different Documents
Aditya P Mane

51. Thank you !

52. THANK YOU!
A PRESENTATION BY
Amol D Gadade- 222020011
Onkar N Sangar- 222020012
Aniket A Ramteke- 222030020
Punit A Gohil -222030009
Aditya P Mane- 222030008