This document discusses the political economy constraints for urban development. It identifies several wider factors that shape urbanization including large population growth, high rates of migration, and inappropriate policy making. At the governance level, there are issues of policy incoherence, institutional fragmentation, and the exclusion of urban poor from decision making. For service delivery, there are challenges around urban water, sanitation, housing, and transportation due to factors like demographic heterogeneity. Conflict and violence can also impact urban areas due to issues like rapid urban growth, social inequalities, and the inability to absorb surplus labor. The document provides examples of these constraints from the perspective of urban development in Bangladesh as well.
2. Group Name: Global City
• Group Members:
1.Sadia Afrin (46)
2.Mahafuza Akter (47)
3.Nibedita Bhattacharjo (49)
4.Md.Sabbir Hossain (50)
5. Sadia Binta Zaman (51)
6.Borhan Uddin (52)
7. Debashish Dutta (53)
8.Kartik Bain (54)
9. Tasnuva Tabassum (55)
3. Urban Development
• Toward the end of the Second World War, new
consciousness arose amongst the public and policy
makers of the Western World. After ten years of crippling
economic depression and another five at war, the public
demanded something new from their disintegrating urban
environments. It gives birth to the concept ‘Urban
Development’.
“Urban development is the social, cultural, economic and
physical development of cities, as well as the underlying
causes of these processes”
4. Constraints of political Economy For Urban
Development
Wider Political Economy Frame Work
Government Frame work
Urban Poor People’s political Agency
Collective action
Service Delivery Dynamics
Conflict & Violence
5. Political Economy
• The theory or study of the role of public policy in influencing
the economic and social welfare of a political unit .
The study of production and trade and their links with custom,
government and law. It is the study and use of how economic
theory and methods influence and develop different social and
economic systems, such as capitalism, socialism and
communism, and it analyzes how public policy is created and
implemented.
For instance, the economy can shift in a different direction
depending on the current political party in control.
• Use of political power to determine distribution of limited
economic resoureces.
• Involving 2 important mechanisms : govt ,state…… market.
6. Wider Political Economy Framework
• Managing & regulating Large population
• Challenging rate of urbanization
• Migration
• Environment & Climate Change
• Demographic Change
• Young population Bulge.
• Inappropriate policy Making
Affect the shape of urbanization
• Grow Negative Characteristics of cities
prevent Urbanization
7. Governance Framework
Incoherence in policy making.
Institutional Fragmentation.
Incomplete Decentralization.
Impact on Urban Service Delivery.
Lack of proper information to make informal choice.
Clientelism.
Deliberately exclude poor by giving the decision making
power to the non poor.
Exclusion from Urban Governance Decision Making,
Urban Poor’s Political Agency
8. Collective action & Local participation
• Social & Political Polarization.
• 1. High levels of economic inequality.
• 2. Short term & fluid labour market relations.
• 3. No horizontal links with urban government.
• Lack of legal identity in functioning justice system:
• 1. Absent or insecure tenure.
• Huge numbers of in-migrants.
• Machanisms for exploitation.
• 1. community based organization block progress,
controlling the poor or misuse them.
9. Service Delivery
• Urban water & sanitation
• a) lack of proper institutional structures.
• b) private-public partnership
• c) Opportunities
• Urban housing
• Urban Transport
• a) Effect of demographic heterogenity leading to
underinvestment.
• b) need strong political incentives to provide affordable
public transport.
10. Conflict & Violence
• Rapidity of urban growth.
• Social & income inequalities.
• Legacies of armed conflict.
• Political authoritarianism.
• Inability to absorb surplus labour.
• These have an impact on social capital, cohesion &
transform systems of urban governance.
• Marginalization & exclusion of urban youth from
broader society.
• Rural & foreign migrants.
• Informal settlements.
11. Bangladesh perspective
Functional Primacy of Dhaka:
• A disproportionately large concentration of industrial and
various public sector investments have been made in the
area. In spite of the declared governmental policy of
decentralized administrative and economic development
introduced in the early '80s, the actual development in the
huge export oriented readymade garments industries sector
during the eighties and nineties shows an overwhelming
concentration in Dhaka city. In several other industrial
sectors too, Dhaka has more than 80 percent of the national
enterprises. The dominance of Dhaka is also visible in several
other manufacturing activities such as furniture (97 percent),
publishing (96 percent), footwear (84 percent), leather goods
(82 percent), and electrical machinery (72 percent).
12. • Rural-Urban Migration:
• Economic benefits: higher productivity, better income etc.
• - Demographic benefits: lowering of age at marriage, reduction of
fertility rate etc.
• - Socio-cultural benefits: modernization.
• - Political benefits: empowerment, democracy etc.
• - Improved access to information technology.
• Negative Effects:
Economic consequences leading to income inequality and poverty,
effects of globalization
Extreme pressure on housing, growth of slums and the pressure
on urban services
Social consequences resulting in increased violence and crime,
social degradation
Habitat of floating people:
Political consequences: Criminalization of politics
