4. Population
• In sociology, population refers to a collection
of humans.
• Population in simpler terms is the number of
people in a city or town, region, country or
world; population is usually determined by a
process called census
6. Urbanization
• Urbanization refers to the population shift from
rural to urban residency.
• The gradual increase in the proportion of people
living in urban areas, and the ways in which each
society adapts to this change
8. Major Causes of Urbanization
• Natural increase in population - High Birth rate
• Migration toward urban centers
• Livelihoods and better basic services.
• Escape from war
• Insecurity
• Natural disasters
10. Economic Opportunities
• Urbanization come up with a number of
economic opportunities.
• Urban centers motivated the mass movement of
people away from the countryside in search of
livelihoods and jobs.
• Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
which generate 85% of the country’s non-
agricultural jobs, are urban based in Pakistan.
11. Educational opportunities
• Urbanization brings a lot of educational
opportunities. Lahore and Islamabad is the
crown jewels of Pakistan’s educational system.
• It has a number of urban institution
12. Modernization
• Pakistani urban centers enjoy considerable
interconnectivity.
• There are hubs of innovation, technology and
communication in urban centers, in Pakistan
13. Welfare issues due to Urbanization
Unemployment:
• Urbanization increases the number of
unemployed educated youth considerably.
• In urban centers, more often than not, youth are
educated. However, gainful employment, even
for the educated youth remains elusive
14. Traffic congestion and noise pollution
• Traffic congestion and noise pollution are major
environmental impacts urbanization.
• Noise pollution from large factory engines and
motor vehicle idling, unreasonably high radio
waves in air.
15.
16. Housing deficit
• Today, Pakistani urban centers suffers serious
housing deficit. nearly, 50% of urban Pakistanis
living in slums.
• Pakistan also has one of the highest single room
accommodation average in the world with 38.11
percent followed by two rooms housing units at
30.54 percent.
• In Pakistan, a number of houses in urban centers,
left unrented, as their landowners settled in abroad
and refuse to rent their properties. Only about 5% of
housing in Pakistani Urban centers, is rented.
17. Threats to agricultural sector
• Pakistan is an agricultural country and 70% of
its population is directly or indirectly dependent
on agriculture.
• Expanding urban centers in Pakistan seems to
be undergoing vertical or horizontal growth,
eating into the rural areas or agricultural land
that lies in their hinterland.
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• Many agricultural lands are converted into
residential area.
• This is also a reason for low production which
decreases our net national exports. According to
one estimate, over 60,000 acres of agricultural
land have been eaten up by urban sprawl
22. Spread of Diseases
• Urban centers make it easier for the diseases to
be transmitted in the poorly developed urban
centers in Pakistan.
• Unhealthy environments & overcrowded
housing exposes the ‘urban poor’ to high rates of
infectious diseases e.g. pneumonia, T.B,
diarrhea, Cholera.
25. Positive ones…
• Benefits include reduced transport costs,
exchange of ideas, and sharing of natural
resources.
• Cities act as beacons for the rural population
because they represent a higher standard of
living
• Cities offer opportunities to people not available
in the countryside
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• Social & Religious taboos/ sanctions
disappearing Education is a tool to eradicate
social evils
• Industrialization, Urbanization, Education,
Legislation, Secularization-sequence of
development
• Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas
27. Negative ones…
Industrial cities were difficult places to live in due
to
• Public health issues resulting from
contaminated water and air and the spread
communicable diseases due to overcrowding.
• Unemployment and under employment
• Severe shortage of housing
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• Transportation-commuting issues, lack of public
transport, no adequate investment
• Social effects - poverty, lack of opportunities,
psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs,
crime, violence and other deviant behaviors
29. Technology effect on our life
• Electronic payments
• Communication
• Entertainment
• Medicine
• Business
• Education
30. Impact of Urbanization on Business
Positive impact:
• Increase in market
• Profits of the business will increase
• Business can benefits from infrastructure
Negative impact:
• Small scale industries will lose market
• Agricultural will take a back seat
31. Solutions to the urban problems
• The most effective way to tackle urbanization is
to make the economy of rural areas fully viable.
• Rural economies can be strengthen if the
government undertakes a massive rural
development program.
• Surplus rural manpower should be absorbed in
the village themselves so as to reduce rural to
urban migration
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• The most effective way to tackle traffic
congestion in urban centers in Pakistan is to
encourage people to use public transport whish
is positive and environmental friendly attitude.
• Government should provide funds to promote
entrepreneurship so that part of the surplus un
employed will be employed
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• Government of Pakistan should formulate
devolution plan for the effective and efficient
provision of services within urban centers.
• Government should formulate a Citizen
Community Boards (CCBs) to engage the urban
community in the decision making process.
• Government of Pakistan should move toward
sustainable urbanization.
