Fuel & Energy: Its resources, consumption, production and utilization in Pakistan with province wise detail.

1. FUEL&ENERGY
Availability & Utilization
In Pakistan

2. GroupMembers
Mazhar Shafi 17-Ch-10
Mazhar Ahmed 17-Ch-40
Umesh Kumar 17-Ch-44
2

3. Contents
3
Fuel: Resources & Utilization Energy: Resources & Utilization
• Introduction
• Renewable
• Hydro energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Geothermal energy
• Tidal energy
• Non-renewable energy
• Coal energy
• Natural gas energy
• Oil energy
• Nuclear energy
• Introduction
• Uses
• Characteristics
• Classification
• Availability & utilization
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Oil

4. Fuel:introduction,resources
&
utilization
by:UmeshKumar
4

5. Fuel
• Fuel is a substance that produce a large amount of heat when burnt with oxygen
of atmospheric air. The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted
into mechanical energy via a heat engine.
• Uses of fuel
Fuels play an important role in our everyday life because they are used in
homes, transport and industry for providing energy.
• For domestic use:
Fuels like wood, coal, kerosene, domestic gas, cow dung etc. are used in our
homes for cooking.
5

6. Fuel
For transport:
Coal, diesel and petrol are used as fuel for road, sea and air transport in
automobiles and locomotives. For example, coal is used for running steam engines;
Petrol and diesel are used for running buses, cars, trucks, aero planes, etc.
In industry:
Fuels like coal and natural gas are used in industries to heat up boilers.
To generate electricity:
Specially prepared fuels like hydrazine (NH2 NH2) are used in rockets to explore
space.
As rocket fuel:
Specially prepared fuels like hydrazine (NH2 NH2) are used in rockets to explore
space.
6

7. Characteristic of good fuel:
 Ignition should be moderate for a good fuel
 Its specific heat should be high.
 It should have low smoke.
 It should be easy to store and transport.
 It should have low ash content.
7

8. Classification of fuel:
8

9. Classification of fuel:
Primary fuel:
 fuels which occurs naturally such as coal, crude petroleum and natural gas. Coal and
crude petroleum, formed from organic matter many millions of years ago, are refereed
to as fossil fuels.
Secondary fuel:
 FUELS WHICH ARE DERIVED FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING ONES BY A
TREATMENT PROCESS SUCH AS COKE, GASOLINE, COAL GAS ETC
9

10. SOLIDFUEL
• SOLID MATERIAL CAN BE USED AS FUEL TO BURN
AND REALEASE ENERGY THROUGH COMBUSTION
WHICH PROVIDES HEAT AND LIGHT.
• THE MOST COMMON EXAMPLES OF SOLID FUELS
ARE:
• WOOD: INCLUDE FIREWOOD, CHARCOAL,
WOODCHIPS, PELLETS, SAWDUST.
• CHARCOAL: PRODUCED BY HEATING WOOD IN
THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN.
• BIOMASS: NATURAL PLANT MATERIALS, SUCH AS
WHEAT, STRAW AND OTHER FIBROUS MATERIAL.
• PEAT: ORGANIC MATTER AND DECAYED
VEGETATION THAT CAN BE BURNED WHEN DRY.
• COKE: HIGH-CARBON MATERIAL DERVIED FROM
CAOL:
10

11. LIQUIDFUEL
• Liquids Can Be Used To Create Mechanical Energy, To
Generate Fumes That Is Flammable.
• Fossil Fuels Are One Of The Liquid Fuel
• Gasoline/Petrol: Produced By Removing Crude Oil Form
Petroleum And Distilling It In Refineries.
• Diesel: A Mixture Of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Extracted
From Petroleum And Processed To Reduce The Sulphur
Level.
• Kerosene: Extracted From Petroleum
• Ethanol: Most Commonly Found In Drinks, But Can Be
Combined With Gasoline For Use As A Fuel.
11

12. GASFUEL
• gaseous fuels are distributed through pipes from point of
origin to point of use, although some are liquefied for
storage. odorisers are often added to fuel gases so that
they can be detected, since an undetected build up of
gas can lead to an explosion.
• Coal Gas: derived from coal.
• Water gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
produced from synthetic gas.
• Syngas: synthetic gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon
monoxide and often carbon dioxide.
• Biogas; a mixture of gases derived from organic matter
breaking down in the absence of oxygen.
12

13. Coal• Coal is the combustible black or brownish
black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata
called coal seams.
• Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts
of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulphur,
oxygen and nitrogen.
• Coal is formed if dead plant matter decays
into peat and over millions of years.
• the heat and pressure of deep burial converts
the peat into coal.
13

14. Coal
in
Pakistan
• Total resources of coal in Pakistan is 185.5
billion tons.
• Coal production 3.1 million tons
• Coal consumption 7.8 million tons
• Coal imports: 4.7 million tons
• Sindh: 184.6 billion tons
• Punjab: 235 million tons
• Baluchistan: 217 million tons
• Kpk: 91 million tons
• Ajk: 9 million tons
14

15. • Coal resources in Sindh are 184.5
billion tons
• The bulk of coal 99% found in Sindh.
• The form of coal found in Sindh is
lignite.
• tharparker: 175.5 billion tons
• Lakhra 1.328 billion tons
• Jheruk: 5.523 billion tons
• Indus east: 1.777 billion tons
15
CoalinSindh

16. CoalinPakistan
16

17. NaturalGas
• It is itself a source of energy and fuel.
• Natural gas is a naturally occurring
hydrocarbon gas mixture consist primarily
of methane but commonly including
varying amount of other higher alkanes
and sometimes a small percentage of
CO2, N2, H2S.
• Natural gas found in deep unground rock
formations.
17

18. NaturalGas
inPakistan
• In 2018, the reserves of natural gas for
Pakistan was 30 trillion cubic feet (TCF).
• The natural resources can’t hardly last for
20 years.
• Total production of natural gas is 1400
billion cubic feet.
• Total consumption of natural gas is 1400
billion cubic feet.
• Net import is zero.
• Daily production is 4032 million cubic feet
(MCF) per day.
• Sui gas is the biggest field of natural gas
in Pakistan. 18
Natural gas fields in Pakistan
• Adhki
• Badim
• Bhit gas field
• Khasan gas field
• Kandhkot field
• Mari field
• sui gas field
• Zamzama field

19. Uses• Power generation:
• Fertilizers
• Transport
• Cement production
• General industries
• Domestic purpose
19

20. PRODUCTION
provincewise
• The share of gas production by different
provinces
• Sindh stand at the top position for
producing 67% of total gas production.
• Baluchistan is at2nd position with
production share of 19%.
• Kpk produce 9% gas production
• While Punjab produce 4% gas
production
20

21. Crude Oil
• It is naturally occurring, yellowish black liquids found in beneath of earth.
• Commonly refined into various fuels using technique fractional distillation.
• It is consist of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic
compound.
• Crude oil is formed by when large quantity of dead organisms, (mostly zooplankton
and algae)
21

22. PRODUCTS
• GASOLINE: used to fuel internal combustion engines (automobiles)
• DIESEL: a slightly Havier product, used also in combustion engines for heavy duty.
• KEROSENE: many uses, like heating, lighting and propulsion of jets.
• COKE: it is residue after all useful fuels are refined and used to make electrodes and dry cells.
• LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS: commonly used as fuel for outdoors grills and other portable
appliances.
• Asphalt: black molasses used in construction of road and other as a binding agent.
• Solvents: industrial solvents like benzene, toluene, xylene; used for cleaning machine parts.
22

23. OIL
IN PAKISTAN• Resources: 0.31 billion barrels
• Oil production: 62.09 thousand barrels per day.
• Oil consumption: 426.72 thousands barrels per day.
• Oil imports: 634.43 thousands barrels per day.
• Refining capacity: 286 thousand barrels per day.
23

24. OIL
IN PAKISTAN• Sindh is highest producer of oil
• 14.37 million barrels
• 38,000 barrels/day
• 56.13% of total production
• Punjab: 6.51 million barrels
• 25.46% of total production
• KPK: 4.68 million barrels
• 18.32% of total production
• Balochistan: 0.024 million barrels
• 0.1% of total production
24

25. Energy&Resources
by:MazharShafi
25

26. Introduction to Energy
Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred
to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the
object.
 Renewable Energy Resources
 Non-Renewable Energy Resources
26

27. Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy comes from natural resources and are
naturally replenished.
Renewable energy provides 18% of electricity generation
worldwide.
Major Resources are:
• Hydro-energy
• Solar-energy
• Biomass-energy
• Wind-energy
• Geothermal-energy
• Tidal-energy
27

28. Hydro-Energy
it is energy comes from force of moving water.
Used to drive Water turbine & generator
Large-scale hydroelectric dams
Power extraction depends upon:
• Volume of Water
• Height Difference (Head)
Advantages:
• Elimination of fuel
• Little air pollution
• Longer live
28

29. Resources in Pakistan
Total proven resources of hydropower are 60,000 mw.
Total installed capacity of hydropower is 6720 MW.
Present in form of basins, rivers and small hydral potential.
Indus river covers 75% of hydropower in Pakistan.
29
Province Total Resources
(MW)
Total Installation
Capacity (MW)
KPK 24736 3849
Punjab 7291 1699
Gilgit-Baltistan 21125 133
Ajk 6450 1039
Sindh 193 -
Balochistan 1 -

30. 30

31. Solar Energy
Energy form Sun in the form of Electromagnetic radiation.
31
• Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation.
• Approx. 30% is reflected back to space.
• Rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses.
• Earth absorbs 70% of radiation.
• Using technologies as solar heating, Photovoltaic, solar thermal energy and
artificial photosynthesis.
• Energy from sun in one year equal two years to combustion of all earth’s non
renewable resources.

32. BiomassEnergy Biomass is organic material that come
From plants and animals.
• Biomass contains stored energy from sun.
• Plants absorbs energy from sun.
• Photosynthesis
 Biomass is burned is released chemical energy
(HEAT).
 Biomass can burnt directly or can be converted to fuels
 Biofuels
 Biogas
32
Examples of biomass energy:
• Wood & Wood Processing
• Agricultural & waste materials
• Food, yard & wood waste in garbage
• Animal manure and human sewage

33. Biomassenergy
inPakistan
Ethanol
Colorless alcohol made from biomass.
Commonly through fermentation.
Million of tons of solid biomass is produced in Pakistan annually.
Some percentage of solid biomass is used as domestic purpose and remaining of some
few percentage is used in boiler.
Ethanol from sugar cane molasses is being produced in Pakistan.
Globally 80% of molasses is used for alcohol production.
Pakistan produced 2 million tons molasses every year.
On one ton of molasses roundly 250 litres of ethanol can be produced.
The commercially utilization of molasses in Pakistan is very limited.
Major portion of molasses is exported.
33

34. Biomassenergy
inPakistan
Ethanol
There are 19 distillery units in Pakistan with processing capacity of 2.5 mt of molasses with potential
production of over half million ton ethanol.
Gasoline can be blended with ethanol with ratio less than 20% (with no change in engine) to reduce the
demand of gasoline and replacement by ethanol.
There is huge potential of generating electricity from biomass in Pakistan.
Sugar industry has the potential of producing 1000 MWs electricity from bagasse.
34

35. Wind energy
It is use of airflow through wind turbines to provide the mechanical
power to turn electrical generators.
• It gives variable power.
• Convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy.
• The wind power depends upon:
• Wind speed: greater the speed, greater the power
• Air density: high dense air, high power generated.
• Swept area of turbine: larger the area, greater the power.
• There is 1 million GW of wind energy at earth.
• If we only utilize 1% of its energy then we will meet demand of
globally electricity generation.
• Now 7% of power is generated from wind worldwide roundly 435
GW (Report: 2015)

36. WindEnergy
in
Pakistan
• Wind energy in Pakistan makes 6% of the total electricity.
• Wind power capacity in Pakistan is 1237 MW.
• Wind power plants in Pakistan
• Jhimpir wind power plant
• Capacity of 50 MW.
• Average Wind speed 7 m/s.
• Tapal wind form, sapphire wind from
• Metro power wind farm
• FOUNDATION WIND ENERGY I & ii
• Capacity 50 mw.
• Gharo, thatha district
• Fouji foundation.
36

37. GeothermalEnergy
It is heat originating from formation of earth, from radioactive decay of minerals,
from volcanic activity and from solar energy absorbed by the surface of earth.
It is the temperature difference of core and the surface of earth.
Which drives continuous thermal energy in the form of heat.
Worldwide, about 10,715 MW of geothermal power is produced.
In case of others, geothermal power plant can process continuously 24/7.
• Geothermal energy in the form of hot water, stream springs, geysers and
underground hot aquifers.
37

38. Geothermal energy in Pakistan
• World’s geothermal power is 80 times more than
all known oil sector power generations.
• Pakistan has such geothermal power that we can
produce 100,000 MW electricity.
• Major geothermal reservoirs of northern Pakistan
are:
• tao
• Mushkin
• Sassi
• Budelas
• Hakuchar
• Chu tran

39. Geothermal energy in Pakistan
• The northern area of Pakistan including kpk, gilgit baltistan
and ajk are famous for low temperature hot water springs.
• Low temperature hot water springs and water aquifers are
also available in Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan regions.
• All these springs and aquifers can be used for direct
application.
• The directed geothermal energy resources are estimated
are more than 30,000 MW of heat and electricity in all
provinces in Pakistan.

40. Tidal energy
Tidal energy is form of hydro energy that converts the energy obtained from tides
into useful power, mainly electricity.
• Tidal energy are more predictable than
wind and sun.
• A tidal generator converts tidal flows into
electricity.
• Greater tidal variation & higher tidal current
velocities the higher the power generation.
• Movement of tidal cause loss of
mechanical energy of earth.
• Which cause slower the rotation of earth.
40

41. Tidalenergyin
Pakistan
• Tidal energy is not operational in Pakistan.
• The coastline of Pakistan, which is about 1,045 km.
• It is best resource of harnessing tidal energy.
• In Sindh, two sites, creek system of Indus delta 170
km and 2-5 meters tidal heights in korangi creek are
available to exploit tidal energy.
41

42. Non-Renewable Energy
It is the source of energy that will eventually run out.
Non-renewable sources came out from
earth as liquids, gases and solids.
Major Resources are:
• Coal
• Natural gas
• Oil
• Nuclear
42

43. NuclearEnergy
• Nuclear energy plants produce electricity through the fission of nuclear fuel, such
as uranium.
• Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into
smaller parts, producing free neutrons and photons in the form of gamma rays and
releasing large amount of energy.
• Typical fission release about two hundred million eV (200 MeV).
• Heat generated is used in stream turbines to produce electricity.
• Vast majority of nuclear energy is produced by fission of uranium and plutonium.
43

44. NuclearEnergy
• Pakistan is first Muslim country in the world to construct
and operate nuclear power plants.
• Pakistan produce electricity by nuclear energy is about
3.6%, 62% from fossil fuel, 33% from Hydropower and
0.3% from coal.
• Pakistan has 5 commercial nuclear power plants.
• 4- Chashma nuclear power plant
• 1- Karachi nuclear power complex
• Pakistan plans on constructing 32 nuclear power plants
by 2050.
44

45. Conclusion
• There is large resources of renewable and non-
renewable energy but except this we all imports
like coal, oil.
• Pakistan can produce gasoline with mixing with
ethanol (ethanol is largely produced by Pakistan
and exported)
• We don’t utilize our resources due to lack of
technology, bad governance, political issues,
lack of investment and much more.
• Pakistan’s economy is growing rapidly due to
high consumption of renewable sources and its
importing.
45

46. Recommendation• In order to fulfil energy needs, it is essential to
improve law and order situation.
• For oil and gas sector, better government policy
with competitive investments.
• Coal reserves should be exploited either by coal
gasification or by coal liquefaction
• Gasoline should bended with ethanol to produce
grade fuel, reducing importing of oils.
• Utilizing of biomass, wind energy, tidal energy
and geothermal energy for producing electricity
and other useful application.
46

47. Thank You