Computer Funadamental

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Computer Fudamentals
1. What Is A Computer?
- Computer Is An Electronic Machine.
- It Can Store & Process The Data Which Is Given By The Users.
o Information
o 0-9 Numbers
o A-Z Letters
o Special Characters (@ , % , * , $ , # , ! , ?)
- Store: - 1. Computer Keep Our Data For Long Time (Permanent )
- Process: - Changes, Calculation, Printing, Formatting, Etc.
2. Why Do You Need Computer?
- Computer Can Store Our Data.
- We Can Easily Modify Our Data.
- High Speed Of Work.
- Accuracy.
- Flexibility In Work (One Computer Can Be Used For Many Work.
- Multipurpose Machine.
3. Fields Of Computer :-
- Office Work
- Bank Work
- Educations
- Industrial Work
- Graphics / Design Work
- Reservation Of Tickets
- Hospital
- Accounting Work Network Marketing
- Departmental Stores

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4. Computer Hardware :-
- Basic Components (Parts) Of A Computer.
- Computer System Is A Connection Of Many Parts.
- All These Parts Are Physical Components Or Hardware Devices.
o Input Device:-
Part Which Help To Enter Data Into Our Computer.
System Is Called Input Devices.
Ex:-Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner
o Output Device:-
Part Which Helps To Given The Of Our Data Is Called An Output
Devices.
Ex: - Monitor, Printer, Speaker
o Processing Devices:-
Part Which Controls The Entire Process Of Our Computer Is
Called Processing Devices.
CPU:- Central Processing Unit
o Power Conversion
 SMPS : Switch Mode Power Supply. ( It Converts The A/C Power Into
D/C)
 A/C : Alternate Current
 D/C : Direct Current
 Hard Disk Will Store Our Data Permanently.
 CPU Has Three Parts
 MU :- Memory Unit
 CU :- Control Unit
 ALU :- Arithmetic Logic Uni
Computer System
Input Devices Output Devices Processing Devices

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5. Memory Units Of Computer :-
It Store The Data / Information Which Is Given By The Users.
Parts 1 :- Parts 2 :-
- Primary Memory. - Secondary Memory.
-Is A Tempary Memory. -Is A Permanent Memory.
-It Store The Data Till The -Secondary Memory Stores The
Computer Is On. Data Long Time.
-Primary Memory Is Used For -Secondary Memory Storage
The Process Of Our Data. Of Process Data.
-Ram: - Random Access -Hard Disk
-64 Mb - Cd
-128 Mb -Floppy
-256 Mb -Zip
-512 Mb -Pan Drive
1 Track = 9 Sectors (Min)
1 Sector = 1024 Bytes (Min)
1 Bytes Can Be Store 1 Character
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (1 Kb)
10204 Kb = 1 Mega Byte (1 Mb)
1024 Mb = 1 Giga Byte (1 GB)
1.) Hard Disk Drive (HDD) :-
- -20GB, 40GB, 80GB
- -It Is Permanently Attach With The Cpu.
- Stores Maximum Data Than Other Parts.
- -Data, Software, Games, Songs, Movies
- -Compulsory Part Of Cpu.
2.) CD
- CD - ROM :- ( Compact Disk Read Only Memory)
- CD – REW :- ( Compact Disk Rewritable )
3.) Zip Disk
- 100 Mb, 200 Mb
4.) Pen Drive
- 90 Mb, 100 Mb (Depends)
5.) Floppy Disk -1.44 MB

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Software
- Software Is A Collection Of Program.
- It Is Used To Operate The Computer System In Different Wages.
- Program Is A Collection Of Instruction Which Is Given To The Computer For
Some Special Work.
Types Of Software
1.) System Software:-
- Software Which Helps To Start Our Computer System Is Called System
Software.
-It Is A Basic Requirement Of Computer.
 Name Of System Software
- Ms- Dos
- Ms- Windows
-Unix
-Linux
Window 7,vista,
2.) Application Software:-
-Software Which Is Used For , Some Specific Work Is Called On
Application Software.
Use Application Software
- Office Work Ms Office
-Accounting Work Tally
-Designing Page Maker
Photoshop
Coral Draw
Flash, Etc.
Website Development:-
Html, Dhtml, Java, Script, Forntpage, Dreamwever, Flash, Fire Works, Photoshop.
Animation /Multimedia / Games:-3d Max, Maya, Morph Etc.
Software Development:-

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Visucl Basic, Java, ‘C’ Language, ‘C++’ Language, V.B .Net,
Proraming, Etc.
6. Files /Extension / Folders :-
(1.) What Is A File?
- File Is A Page In Which We Can Store Our Data Or Information.
- Every File Has A Name Called A File Name. Its Limit Is 1 To 255
Characters.
-Ex:- Letter For Sbi
Visiting Card For Vimal
(2.) What Is An Extension?
- Extension Is A Surname Of A File.
-It Is Used To Identify The Software Were The File Is Created.
- Extension Is Written After A Filename Separate By ‘A’.
-Ex: -
File Name Extension
Paint .Bmp
Notepad .Txt
Wordpad .Doc
Word .Doc
Excel .Xls
Powerpoint .Ppt
Photoshop .Psd
Coreldraw .Cdr
Pager Maker .Pmd
Image Files / Photo Files:-
.Jpg, .Gif, .Tif, .Bmp, .Eps
Sound / Audio File:-
.Wav, .Mp3
DATA FILE

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Video Files:-
.Clvi, .Mov, .Gif, .Swf
(3.) What Is A Folder?
- Folder Is Like A Box Or Bag In Which We Can Store Our Files.
-Every Folder Has A Name Called Folder Name & It Has Limit Up To 255
Characters.
Ups:- Uninterrupted Power Supply
Computer:-
It Two Parts
 Floppy Disk [ A: ] [B: ]
 Hard Disk [ C: ]
 Cd [ D: ]
 Zip [ E: ]
 Pen Drive [ F:]
 Network Drive [ J: ]
Microsoft Windows
(1.) Introduction:-
- Windows Is System Software.
- It Helps To Start Our Computer.
FOLDERDATA FILE
HARD DISK
PEN DRIVE ZIP CD FLOPPY

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- We Can Operate Other Applications Software Through Windows.
- Windows Is A Product Of Microsoft Corporation.
- Windows Is Also Known As Multitasking Operating System.
 We Can Operate Many Software At Time.
- Ex: - 1. Writing Letter – Word
2. Music – Winamp
- Windows Is A Collection Of Many Applications.
 My Computer
 My Document
 Recycling
 Paint
 Wordpad
 Notepad
 Windows Media Player
 Internet Explorer
 Etc.
(2.) How To Start Windows Or Computer?
- Switch On The Cpu & Monitor
- Wait For A Minute
- Welcome To Windows
Press Ctrl + Alt + Del + To Begin……..
- Enter Your Username :____________
- Enter Your Password :____________
(3.) Versions Of Windows Software:-
- Windows 3.1
- Windows 95
- Windows 98
- Windows Xp
(Server)
- Windows Nt
- Windows 2000
- Windows 2003
(4.) Windows Screen (Desk Top):-
- Desktop Is A Collection Of Many Items.

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 Mouse Pointer
 Icons
 Wallpaper (Optional)
 Taskbar
- Taskbar :-
(5.) How To Exit From Windows?
- Start - Shut Down Or Turn Off / Log Off
(6.) Use Of Mouse:-
 Left Button
1. Single Click - To Select
Start
Start Button Shows the name
Of open application
System tray Date,
Time, Volume Etc.
Stand by Shut Down Restart

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2. Double Click – To Open
 Right Button
- Single Click – Shows A Many Of Command
 Scroll Button
- It Is Used To Scroll The Large Pages.
(7.) Some Important Buttons Available In Windows:-
 Minimize Button
 Maximize Button
 Restore Button
 Close Button
 Text Box
 Radio Button
 Check Box
 Drop Down List Box
 List
 Push Button
(8.) Basic Accessories Of Windows Software:-
- Paint, Notepad, Calculator, Wordpad, Windows, Media Player Are The
Accessories Of Windows Software.
(9.) To Arrange The Open Windows On Screen We Can The Following
Commands:-
- Open Two Or More Windows On Screen.
- Right Click On Taskbar & Apply The Following Command.
1. Cascade Windows.
2. Tile Windows Horizontally
3. Tile Windows Vertically
4. Show The Desktop
Paint
(1.) Introduction:-

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- Paint Is A Part Of Windows Software.
- It Is A Drawing Program.
- It Helps To Draw Various Designs & Shapes.
- Ii Is Available In Accessories Folder.
- Paint’s Data File Is Called “Bitmap Picture “& Its Extension
.Bmp.
- To Start Paint Program We Can Use
- Start – All Programs – Accessories – Paint
- To Close The Paint Program, We Can Use
- File – Exit (Or)
- Close Button (Or)
- Alt + F4
(2.) Paint Tools & Command:-
(A.) To Change The Size Of Dawning Paper, We Can Use The Following
Command.
- Image – Attributes (Ctrl +E)
(B.) To Draw Free Style Objects, We Can Use The Pencil & Brush Tools.
- To Change The Size Of Line, We Can Use Ctrl + (Or) Ctrl –
- Brush Tool Also Provides A Variety Of Brushes.
(C.) To Draw Basic Shapes We Can Use The Following Tools.
- Line Tool
- Rectangle Tool
- Ellipse Tool
- Rounded Rectangle Tool
- Polygon Tool
- Curve Tool
(D.) To Fill Color, We Can Use The Following Tools
- Fill With Color
- Air Brush
(E.) To Write Text, We Can Use
- Text Tool
(F.) To Select The Object In Different Ways, We Can Use

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- Select Tool
- Free From Select Tool
(G.) To Select Any Color Directly From The Object We Can Use
- Pick Tool
(H.) To Erase The Objects, We Can Use
- Eraser (Using Left Button) – Will Erase All Colors.
- Color Eraser (Using Right Button) – With Erase The Selected
Color Only.
(3.) Paint Commands:-
(A.) How To Get A Copy Of Object?
- Draw Any Object
- Select The Object
- Apply Edit – Copy (Ctrl + C)
- Apply Edit – Paste (Ctrl +V)
- Ctrl Key Helps To Get One Copy Every Time.
- Shift Key Giver Number Of Copies Continuity.
(B.) How To Rotate The Objects?
- Image – Filp / Rotate
1. Filp Horizontal – For Left To Right Rotation.
2. Filp Vertical – For Top To Bottom Rotation.
3. Rotate By Angle
- 90 Degrees /180 Degrees / 270 Degrees
(C.) File - Save (Ctrl +S)
- To Save The Open File Permanently.
(D.) File – Save As
- Is Used To Make A Duplicate Copy Of The Open File, We Have To
Enter A New File Name For A New Copy.
(E.) To Set The Open Drawing As Well Paper We Can Use The Following
Command.
- File – Set As Back Ground [Tile Wise]
- File – Set As Back Ground [In The Center]
(F.) How To Cancel The Last Given Commands?
- Edit – Undo (Ctrl + Z) [For Three Times Only]
(G.) How To Apply The Can Called Commands Again?

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- Edit – Repeat (Ctrl +Y) [For Three Times Only]
(H.) How To Select The Entire Image?
- Edit – Select All (Ctrl +A)
(I.) How To Insert Image In The Open File?
- Edit – Paste From.
(4.) Zoom Related Facilities:-
(A.) In Paint, It Is Also Possible To Magnify The Size Pixels On Screen.
(B.) The Zoom Limit Is 100% To 800%.
(C.) Magnifier Tool Is Used To Change The Zoom Size.
(D.) View – Zoom – Normal – Is Used To Set 100% Zoom Size.
(E.) View – Zoom – Large Size – Issued To Set 400% Zoom Size.
(F.) View – Zoom Custom – Is Used To Set 100%, 200%, 400%,
600%, Or 800% Zoom Size.
(G.) View – Zoom – Show Grids (Ctrl +G) – Is Used To Show Or
Hide The Grids Of Pixels.
(H.) View – Zoom – Show Thumbnail – Is Used To Show Normal Size
With The Full Size.
(5.) Image – Stretch / Skew
- It Is Used To Change The Size 0f The Selected Image.
(6.) Image – Invet Colors
- Is Used To Apply Reverse Colors In The Selected Image
Notepad
(1.) Introduction:-
- Notepad Is A Text Editor.
- It Is Use To Text In Simple Format.
- Notepad Is A Part Of Windows / Software & It Is Available Is Accessories
Folder.
- Its Data File Is Called ‘Text File’ & Extension Is .Txt.
- To Start – All Programs –Accessories – Notepad
Or

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- To Start – Run – Notepad
- To Exit From Notepad
 File – Exit (Or) Close Button (Or) Alt +F4
(2.) Important:-
- The Formatting Effect Is Applied To The Entire Written Text (Format –Font).
- Format – Word Wrap –Is Used To Enable Or Disable Paragraph Facility.
Wordpad
(1.) Introduction:-
- Word Pad Is A Part Of Windows Software.
- It Is Also Available In Accessories.
- Word Pad Is A Word Processing Program. This Is Used To Write Letters &
Documents.
- It Provides Some Text Formatting Commands.
- Its Data File Is Called ‘Document ‘& Extension Is. Doc.
- Start Word Pad
 To Start – All Programs –Accessories – Wordpad
Or
 To Start – Run – Wordpad
- To Exit From Wordpad
 File – Exit (Or) Close Button (Or) Alt +F4
- Selection Facilities Available In Wordpad
 Double Clicks -> For Word
 Three Clicks -> For Paragraph
 Drag -> To Select Any Text
 Edit – Select All (Ctrl + A) – For Entire Text
 In The Left Side Of Text
1. Single Click – For Line
2. Double Click – For Paragraph
3. Three Click – For All
- Formatting Tools Available In Word Pad
 Font
 Font Size (Ctrl + Shift + > / Ctrl + Shift + < )
 Bold (Ctrl +B)
 Italic (Ctrl +I)

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 Under Line (Ctrl +U)
 Font Color
 Align Left (Ctrl +L)
 Align Right (Ctrl +R)
 Align Center (Ctrl +E)
 Bullets
(2.) Word Pad Commands:-
(A.) File Menu:-
- New (Ctrl +N):Create A New Document.
- Open (Ctrl +O):Open Document.
- Save (Ctrl +S):Save The Document.
- Save As -> Make A Duplicate Copy Of The Open File.
- Print -> Prints The Open Document.
(B.) Edit Menu:-
- Undo (Ctrl +Z) -> Cancel The Last Given Commands
One By One.
- Cut (Ctrl +X) -> Cuts The Selected Text From The Document.
- Copy (Ctrl +C) / Paste (Ctrl +V) -> Makes A Duplicate Copy
Of The Selected Text.
- Clear (Del) -> It Is Used To Clear The Selected Text.
- Select All (Ctrl +A) -> Select The Entire Text.
- Find (Ctrl +F) – Is Used To Find The Existing Words Of The
Open Document.
- Replace (Ctrl +H) –> It Is Used To Find And Replace The
Existing Words With A New Word.
- Go To (Ctrl +G) –> It Is Go To Any Page Or Line Of The Open
Page.
(C.) Insert Menu:-
- Object -> To Insert Object From Other Applications.
- Date / Time -> Insert System Date & Time At The Place Of
Cursor.
(D.)Format Menu:-

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- Font -> Provides Facility To Change The Font Size, Style, Color,
Etc.
- Paragraph -> Issued To Set Left & Right Margins Of The Selected
Text.
- Bullet Style -> Is Used To Apply Or Cancel Bullets In The
Selected Text.
Log Off
(1.) Introduction:-
- Log Off Is Used To Close The Current User & Enter Anew User.
 Press Ctrl +Alt +Del To Begin
 Enter User Name
 Enter Password
- Note:- You Can Also Use The Tab Key To Move The Cursor.
Change Password
(1.) Introduction:-
- Go To Control Panel
- User Accounts
- Click ‘Change Password ‘Button.
- Enter Old Password
- Enter New Password
- Re Enter Password
- Click Ok.
Wallpaper
(1.) Introduction:-
- We Can Set Or Cancel Wallpaper On Desktop.
- This Facility Is Available In
1. Start – Control Panel – Display ( Display Properties)
Or

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1. Right Click On Desk Top – Properties – Desk Top.
(2.) Note:-
- Browse Button Is Used To Selected An Image File A Different
Folder.
- We Can Set Various Position Of The Image: Canter, Tile, Stretch.
Thems
(1.) Introduction:-
- It Is Used To Set Colorful Back Ground / Wallpaper, Screen Saver &
Appearance Of Screen.
Screen Saver
(1.) Introduction:-
- It Keeps The Monitor In Continuous Process.
- We Have To Select Any One Animated Design And Time To Start
Automatically.
- It Is Also Available In
 Start
 Control Panel
 Display (Display Properties)
(Or)
 Right Click On Desk Top
 Properties
 ScreenSaver.
Appearance
(1.) Introduction:-
- It Is Used To Change The Appearance Of Windows Manually

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(Font Size, Bo Color, Back Ground Color, Etc.
- Right Click – Properties – Appearance – Advanced.
My Computer
(1.) Introduction:-
- My Computer Is A Part Of Windows Software.
- It Is Available On Desk Top & In The Start Menu Items.
- It Is Use To Explore The Contents Of Our Computer.
- It Provides Facilities
 To See The Available Disk Drives.
o Ex:- 1. A: Floppy Disk Drive (Fdd)
2. B: Floppy Disk Drive (Fdd)
3. C: Hard Disk Drive (Hdd)
(Local Disk Of Pc)
4. Network Drives
(My Network Place)
5. Options
(D: Hard Disk Or Cd.
 To See The File &Folder Of Our Computer.
 To Copy The Files & Folder.
 To Change The Names.
 To Delete The File Or Folder.
 Create New Files &Folder Etc.
(2.) View Available In My Computer:-
- Thumbnail (Small Size Preview)
- Tiles (File Name Type & Size)
- Icons (Large Icons & File Name)
- Lists (Small Icon & Filename)
- Details (Detailed Information)
(3.) How To Create A New Folder?
- File Menu -> New -> Folder -> Type Name -> Enter
(Or)
- Right Click –> New -> Folder -> Type Name -> Enter
(4.) How To Change The Name Of File Or Folder?
- Select The File Or Folder

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- Right Click
- Rename
- Type A New Name & Press Enter.
(5.) How To Copy Files Form One Place To Another?
1. Select The Files Using Shift Or Ctrl -> Edit -> Copy (Ctrl +C)
(Or)
1. Right Click -> Copy
2. Open A Different Folder –> Edit -> Paste (Ctrl +V)
(Or)
3. Right Click -> Paste
(6.) How To Delete File & Folders?
- Select The Flies Or Folders.
- Right Click –Delete
- Note: - The Delete Files & Folder Are Stored In The Recycle Bin.
(7.) How To Restore The Deleted Files & Folder From Recycle Bin?
- Open Recycle Bin
- Select The File Or Folder That You Want To Restore.
- Right Click -> Restore.
Other Items
(1.) To Change The System Date & Time Of Our Computer We Can Use The
Following Steps:-
- Start -> Control Panel -> Data /Time
(Or)
- Double Click The ‘Time’ Which Is Available In The System Tray.
(2.) Calculator:-
- It Is A Part Of Windows Software.
- It Is Also Available In Accessories.
- Types Of Calculator
(A.) Standard Calculator
(B.) Scientific Calculator

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- Start ->All Programs -> Accessories -> Calculator
(3.) My Document:-
- It Is A Personal Folder Of Every User.
- It Is Selected As A Default Folder In All Applications.
(4.) Start -> Run:-
- It Is Used To Start Any Application
- Example:-
Paint Mspaint
Notepad Notepad
Calculator Calc
Wordpad Wordpad
Word Winword
Excel Excel
Powerpoint Powerpnt
(5.) How To Create A Short Cut Of Any Program?
- Right Click -> New -> Short Cut
- Enter Address Or Program With A File Name
- Enter Title Of Program
- Click Finish
-Ex:- (C:/Windows/System 32/Mspaint Exe)
(Or)
- Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Right Click On Paint -> Send To -
>Desktop.
(6.) Start – Search:-
- It Is Used To Search Any Files Or Folder Our Computer.
- We Have To Specify The Name Drive Name Etc.

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-Example:-
(A.) To Find All Paint Drawing *.Bmp
(7.) Media Player:-
- Is A Part Of Windows Software & Available In Accessories Entertainment.
- It Is Use To Play Audio & Video Files.