Ch. 2 Biological and Environmental Foundations Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 1970’s survey results Adult status and identity Expansion of self; immortality Morality, normality, good of the group Primary group ties; affiliation Stimulation; novelty and fun Creativity, accomplishment, competence Power, effectiveness Social comparison, competition Economic utility Why have children??? Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. Biological foundations Behavioral genetics: field that examines how genes and experience combine to influence traits Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 4 DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA molecules make up chromosomes. Code for transmission of all genetic information A gene is a segment of a DNA molecule. https://youtu.be/gYY5bLWriZw (chimera) Gene Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 4 5 The Genetic Code Chromosomes Store and transmit genetic information Each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs. Cell Figure 2.1 https://youtu.be/8bB9PPjp04o Black and white twins Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 5 6 Male or Female? Sex is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing sperm (male sex cell) fertilizes the ovum (female sex cell). https://youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrwhttps://youtu.be/MmMYyty2ge8 Male Fehttps://youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrwmale XY XX Y Sperm X Ovum X Ovum X Sperm Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 6 7 Patterns of Genetic Inheritance genes are alike (homozygous) – trait will appear Genes are different (heterozygous), then relationships between genes determine the trait that will appear. Dominant genes result in the characteristics while recessive genes will only have effect if paired with another recessive gene Polygenic inheritance: some traits result from interactions of many genes homozygous heterozygous Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. 7 One-fourth of all couples who try to conceive discover that they are sterile. Donor insemination is 30 to 40 percent successful. Each year, one percent of all children in developed countries are conceived through in vitro fertilization. The overall success rate of in vitro fertilization is about 70 percent. Most parents who have used in vitro fertilization do not tell their children about their origins. In the United States and Canada, donors are always screened for all genetic and sexually transmitted diseases. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc.  All Rights Reserved. Because surrogacy favors the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates, it may promote the exploitation of financially needy wo ...

1. Ch. 2
Biological and Environmental Foundations
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
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Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
1970’s survey results
Adult status and identity
Expansion of self; immortality
Morality, normality, good of the group
Primary group ties; affiliation
Stimulation; novelty and fun
Creativity, accomplishment, competence
Power, effectiveness
Social comparison, competition
Economic utility
Why have children???
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
Rights Reserved.

2. Biological foundations
Behavioral genetics: field that examines how genes and
experience combine to influence traits
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Rights Reserved.
4
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA molecules make up chromosomes.
Code for transmission of all genetic information
A gene is a segment of a DNA molecule.
https://youtu.be/gYY5bLWriZw (chimera)
Gene
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Rights Reserved.
4
5
The Genetic Code

3. Chromosomes
Store and transmit genetic information
Each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs.
Cell
Figure 2.1
https://youtu.be/8bB9PPjp04o
Black and white twins
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Rights Reserved.
5
6
Male or Female?
Sex is determined by whether an X-bearing or a Y-bearing
sperm (male sex cell) fertilizes the ovum (female sex cell).
https://youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrwhttps://yo utu.be/MmMYyty2ge8
Male
Fehttps://youtu.be/EcmwqObHQrwmale
XY
XX

4. Y
Sperm
X
Ovum
X
Ovum
X
Sperm
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Rights Reserved.
6
7
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance
genes are alike (homozygous) – trait will appear
Genes are different (heterozygous), then relationships between
genes determine the trait that will appear.
Dominant genes result in the characteristics while recessive
genes will only have effect if paired with another recessive gene
Polygenic inheritance: some traits result from interactions of
many genes
homozygous
heterozygous

5. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
7
One-fourth of all couples who try to conceive discover that they
are sterile.
Donor insemination is 30 to 40 percent successful.
Each year, one percent of all children in developed countries are
conceived through in vitro fertilization.
The overall success rate of in vitro fertilization is about 70
percent.
Most parents who have used in vitro fertilization do not tell
their children about their origins.
In the United States and Canada, donors are always screened for
all genetic and sexually transmitted diseases.
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
Rights Reserved.
Because surrogacy favors the wealthy as contractors for infants
and the less economically advantaged as surrogates, it may
promote the exploitation of financially needy women.
Most recipients of in vitro fertilization are in their fifties and

6. sixties.
9. In the past decade, scientists have successfully cloned
human infants.
10. At present, nothing is known about the psychological
consequences of being a product of reproductive technologies
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Reproductive Technologies
Donor sperm/artificial insemination - sperm injected into the
woman http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9193014/British-man-
fathered-600-children-at-own-fertility-clinic.html
In vitro fertilization - egg and sperm are united in a dish
https://thoughtcatalog.com/daniel-hayes/2016/01/11-
mindblowing-in-vitro-fertilization-mix-ups-and-mistakes/
Surrogacy- another woman is inseminated with the father’s
sperm or donor sperm or an embryo and then delivers the baby
https://youtu.be/n8P1Eqk2_M0 (6;20)
https://youtu.be/xRrkBr5fxFE (5 min)
embryo adoption https://youtu.be/JEXGBjfxfME (6 min)
Ovarian (egg) and sperm crytopreservation - saving healthy
tissues for later use
Egg donation – harvesting healthy eggs from a donor
https://youtu.be/N4rf5BV4KHQ
cloning- organism grown from cell of parent and is genetically
identical https://youtu.be/7tbxN5uwaqA (3 min)

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Fetal monitoring techniques
Ultrasound – high-frequency waves used to obtain an image
Amniocentesis – fluid obtained from uterus
Chorionic villus sampling: tissue from membrane surrounding
fetus are analyzed
Fetoscopy: small camera inserted to perform procedures in
utero
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11
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8. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All
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