anatomy and human physiology for biomedical engineering

1. Lecturer: AssistAnt Prof.
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
AnAtomy & And HumAn
AnAtomy & And HumAn
orgAn
orgAn PHysiology
PHysiology
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
Lecture 1
Mee
Mee221
221

2. About this course
• 3 credit hours (2+3)
MArks Distribution
Semester assessment:
Attendance = 5 % (10-5)
Attendance = 5 % (10-5)
Lab = 20 %
Mid exam = 20 % (30- 45)
Quiz = 5 %
Final exam =50 % (50-60)
2

3. Courses outline/ PlAn
Courses outline/ PlAn
Lectures
• Introduction to anatomy &
physiology
• The Cell
• Tissues
• Extractive function (kidney,
liver).
• Skeleton systems
• Muscular system
• Tissues
• The heart
• The Circulatory system.
• Blood cells immunity and blood
clotting and blood pressure.
• Respiratory and gas exchange.
• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Special scenes
• Digestive system
• Endocrine System.
• Lymphatic system
3

4. objeCtives of tHis Course
objeCtives of tHis Course
• To introduce the microscopic structure of
the human body.
• To know the physiology of human organs
• To know the physiology of human organs
• To understand the relation of anatomy and
physiology with biomedical study.
• To study the relationship between different
organs of the human body
4

5. objeCtives of tHis Course
objeCtives of tHis Course
•
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﮭري‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗرﻛﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌرﯾف‬
.
•
‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﮭم‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟدراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫وﻋﻠم‬
.
•
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟدراﺳﺔ‬ •
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬ ‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠف‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
5

6. LeArninG outcoMes
At tHe end of tHis lesson, you sHould be
Able to:
1- know tHe PArts of eACH system/ And
6
1- know tHe PArts of eACH system/ And
tHe funCtions of tHe system
2- understAnd tHe AnAtomiCAl Position

7. Anatomy means to dissect = cut up (a body,
part, or plant) in order to study its internal
parts.
AnAtomy
wHAt
parts.
Anatomy it is the study of the structure of
human body, it deals with the structure
(morphology) of the body and its parts;
in other words, what are things called?
7

8. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
wHAt
wHAt
•
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬
=
‫ﻗطﻊ‬
)
‫ﻧﺑﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﺟزء‬ ، ‫ﺟﺳم‬
(
‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺟزاﺋﮫ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫أﺟل‬
.
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل‬ ، ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺳم‬
)
‫ﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬
(
‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫اﻷﺷﯾﺎء؟‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ، ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫وأﺟزاﺋﮫ‬
‫اﻷﺷﯾﺎء؟‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ، ‫آﺧر‬ ‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫وأﺟزاﺋﮫ‬
8

9. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
There are two main types of anatomy:-
I. Gross or macroscopic anatomy:
Structures examined without a
microscope or is the study of
Structures examined without a
microscope or is the study of
anatomical structures that can be
seen by the naked eye, such as the
external and internal bodily organs.
9

10. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
II. Microscopic anatomy: is a branch of
anatomy that relies on the use of
microscopes to examine the smallest
structures of the body; tissues, cells,
structures of the body; tissues, cells,
and molecules. The extent to which
microscopic anatomy can be examined
is limited by the equipment available.
10

11. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
•
‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﻧوﻋﺎن‬ ‫ھﻧﺎك‬
:
-
‫أو‬ ‫اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬
:
‫اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺟﮭر‬ ‫ﺑدون‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﺣص‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬
‫أﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ، ‫اﻟﻣﺟردة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫رؤﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﺟﮭري‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
:
‫ﻓرع‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫واﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬
.
‫اﻟﻣﺟﮭري‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
:
‫ﻓرع‬ ‫ھو‬
‫ﻟﻔﺣص‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎھر‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫ﻓروع‬ ‫ﻣن‬
‫اﻷﺻﻐر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ھﯾﺎﻛل‬
.
‫واﻟﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬
.
‫ﻣدى‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌدات‬ ‫ﻣﺣدود‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺟﮭري‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص‬ ‫إﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬
.
11

12. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
Gross or macroscopic anatomy
Gross or macroscopic anatomy
A. Systemic Anatomy – the study of the body’s
structure by systems.
B. Regional Anatomy – the study of the body’s
structure by region (head, abdomen,
B. Regional Anatomy – the study of the body’s
structure by region (head, abdomen,
arm, etc…).
C. Surface Anatomy – study of superficial
marking.
12

13. Gross or macroscopic
Gross or macroscopic
anatomy
anatomy
•
‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎزي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
-
‫طرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ‬
.
‫اﻹﻗﻠﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
-
‫ﺣﺳب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
)
‫إﻟﺦ‬ ، ‫اﻟذراع‬ ، ‫اﻟﺑطن‬ ، ‫اﻟرأس‬
.(...
‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
)
‫إﻟﺦ‬ ، ‫اﻟذراع‬ ، ‫اﻟﺑطن‬ ، ‫اﻟرأس‬
.(...
‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬
-
‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬
.
13

14. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
PArts …… Con
PArts …… Con
D. Anatomical Imaging: technologies
used to create pictures of internal
structures (X-rays, ultrasound,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)).
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)).
14
X-ray
Ultrasound
MRI

15. AnAtomy
AnAtomy
Microscopic anatomy
A. Cytology: is the study of cells (Cellular
anatomy)
anatomy)
B. Histology: is the study of tissues
‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺟﮭري‬
‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
:
‫اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ھو‬
)
‫اﻟﺧﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬
(
‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
:
‫اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ھو‬
15

16. PHysiology
PHysiology
wHAt
wHAt
• Physiology studies the functions of these parts
(Scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things) or asks the question,
“how do they work?”
“how do they work?”
• Two Major Goals of Physiology
1. Prediction of the body’s responses to stimuli.
2. How the body maintains conditions with-in a
narrow range of values in the presence of a
continually changing environment. 16

17. PHysiology
PHysiology
wHAt
wHAt
•
‫اﻷﺟزاء‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬ ‫ﯾدرس‬
)
‫اﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬
(
‫اﻟﺳؤال‬ ‫ﯾطرح‬ ‫أو‬
،
"
‫ﺗﻌﻣل؟‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
"
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠم‬ ‫رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎن‬ ‫ھدﻓﺎن‬
1
.
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺑﮭﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ‬
.
2
.
‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺎﻓظ‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺑﮭﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﺑؤ‬
.
2
.
‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﺣﺎﻓظ‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﯾرة‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬ ‫ظل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾم‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺿﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟظروف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‬
.
17

18. AnAtomy
AnAtomy And PHysiology
And PHysiology
The two disciplines are closely interrelated because
the functional role of a part depends on how it is
constructed.
constructed.
18
The complementarity of
structure and function.”

19. As A biomediCAl engineer
wHy we study AnAtomy &
PHysiology??
19

20. AnAtomy And PHysiology
for biomediCAl engineer
Biomedical engineering (BME) or
medical engineering is the application
of engineering principles and design
20
of engineering principles and design
concepts to medicine and biology for
healthcare purposes (diagnostic –
monitoring or therapeutic).
This field seeks to close the gap between
engineering and medicine.

21. AnAtomy
AnAtomy And PHysiology for
And PHysiology for
biomediCAl engineer…Con
biomediCAl engineer…Con
BMEs study anatomy and physiology because
they need to know the properties of the body
in order to create viable solutions.
For example, you must take a physiology class
in order to understand how the heart beats
21
in order to understand how the heart beats
(via electrical impulses). With that knowledge,
you will understand why a pacemaker solves
the problem of irregular heartbeats.

22. AnAtomy
AnAtomy And PHysiology for
And PHysiology for
biomediCAl engineer …Con
biomediCAl engineer …Con
Same for any other biomedical devices.
Devices that can be used to make measurements
of biologic or medical quantities and give
quantitative (or sometimes qualititative) results
22

23. bio
bio-
-signAls/ bio
signAls/ bio-
-PotentiAls
PotentiAls
23

24. generAlized mediCAl
generAlized mediCAl
instrumentAtion system
instrumentAtion system
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method
Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes
Electroencephalograph
24
Electroencephalograph
y
5 to 300  V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes
Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes
Electroretinography 0 to 900  V 0 to 50 Contact lens electrodes
pH 3 to 13 pH units 0 to 1 pH electrode
pCO2 40 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pCO2 electrode
pO2 30 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pO2 electrode
Pneumotachography 0 to 600 L/min 0 to 40 Pneumotachometer
Respiratory rate
2 to 50
breaths/min
0.1 to 10 Impedance
Temperature 32 to 40 °C 0 to 0.1 Thermistor

25. (As A biomediCAl engineer) wHy we
(As A biomediCAl engineer) wHy we
study AnAtomy & PHysiology
study AnAtomy & PHysiology
Anatomy & Physiology are the fundamental
building blocks of medical practice.
Without a deep understanding of the internal body,
health professionals cannot truly evaluate,
health professionals cannot truly evaluate,
diagnose and treat illnesses.
It is a necessary subject area that needs to be
studied in order to help the health of the world’s
population improve!
25

26. As A biomediCAl engineer)
As A biomediCAl engineer)
wHy we study AnAtomy &
wHy we study AnAtomy &
PHysiology
PHysiology
•
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺑﻧﺎت‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬ ‫وظﺎﺋف‬ ‫وﻋﻠم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠم‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬
.
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﮭم‬ ‫ﺑدون‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬
.
‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﮭم‬ ‫ﺑدون‬
‫وﻋﻼﺟﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻣراض‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯾﯾم‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﯾﯾن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﮭﻧﯾﯾن‬
.
‫إﻧﮫ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‬ ‫دراﺳﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﺿروري‬ ‫ﻣوﺿوع‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﺳﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬
!
26

27. (
(As A biomediCAl engineer) wHy we
As A biomediCAl engineer) wHy we
study AnAtomy & PHysiology
study AnAtomy & PHysiology
The biomedical engineering profession is devoted to
improving human health and well-being by using
engineering principles and technologies.
It develops fundamental theories, systems, and
products to support medical industries, health care
providers, governmental agencies, and academic
existence.

28. As A biomediCAl engineer)
As A biomediCAl engineer)
wHy we study AnAtomy &
wHy we study AnAtomy &
PHysiology
PHysiology
•
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺻص‬ •
‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺻص‬
‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ورﻓﺎھﯾﺗﮫ‬
.
‫ﺑﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬
‫اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻟدﻋم‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧظرﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟوﻛﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟرﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻘدﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻣﻲ‬ ‫واﻟوﺟود‬
.
28

29. When and how did the need to study anatomy
When and how did the need to study anatomy
and organ functions
and organ functions arise
arise?
?
Needs
Questions and observations that have led to
knowledge. (early observation from doctors
and nurses).
29
Knowledge about structure and function of
the human body.
more than 2000 years ago

30. levels
levels of
of orgAnizAtion/
orgAnizAtion/
struCturAl levels
struCturAl levels
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
30
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ –heart, kidney, liver etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
Chemical – organization involving interactions among atoms and
their combinations to form molecule
(from subatomic particles to macromolecule)

31. levels of orgAnizAtion:
31

32. levels of orgAnizAtion..
The human body is the sum of its parts and these parts can
be studied at a variety of levels of organization.
1. Atoms are the simplest level.
2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
2. Two or more atoms comprise a molecule.
3. Macromolecules are large, biologically
important molecules inside cells.
4. Organelles are aggregates of macromolecules
used to carry out a specific function in the cell.
32

33. levels of orgAnizAtion..
5. Cells are the basic living unit.
6. Tissues are groups of cells functioning together.
7. Groups of tissues form organs.
7. Groups of tissues form organs.
8. Groups of organs function together as organ
systems.
9. Organ systems functioning together make up an
organism. 33

34. 34
levels of orgAnizAtion

35. CHArACteristiCs
CHArACteristiCs of
of life
life
• Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all
organisms.
CHArACteristiCs of life inClude:
1. Movement (internal or external)
1. Movement (internal or external)
2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change)
3. Growth (increase in size without change in shape)
4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells)
5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) 35

36. CHArACteristiCs
CHArACteristiCs of
of life
life
inClude
inClude…
…Con
Con
6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms)
7. Absorption (movement of substances through
membranes and into fluids)
8. Circulation (movement within body fluids)
9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically
different forms)
10. secretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
36

37. mAintenAnCe of life
mAintenAnCe of life
Requirements of Organisms: Life depends on the availability of
the following:
a. Water About (3.7 liters) of fluids a day for men. About (2.7
liters) of fluids a day for women.
- required for metabolic processes
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
b. Food, vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
- provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
37

38. mAintenAnCe of life… Con
mAintenAnCe of life… Con
c. Oxygen (gas): one-fifth of air- used to release energy from
nutrients
d. Heat: form of energy- partly controls rate of metabolic
reactions
reactions
e. Pressure : atmospheric pressure which is important for
breathing- hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important.
Why ?????????????????
38

39. 1/23/2023 39
orgAn systems