2. System Analysis
Systems analysis defines the problems to be solved
and provides the architecture of the proposed
system.
The terms analysis and synthesis come from Greek
where they mean respectively "to take apart" and "to
put together".
Analysis is defined as the procedure by which we
break down an intellectual or substantial whole into
parts.
Synthesis is defined as the procedure by which we
combine separate elements or components in order
to form a coherent whole.
3. System Analysis
System analysis is an explicit formal inquiry
carried out to help a decision maker identify a
better course of action and make a better
decision than he might otherwise have made.
Systems analysis is a problem-solving
technique that decomposes a system into its
component pieces for the purpose of studying
how well those component parts work and
interact to accomplish their purpose.
4. System Analysis
This is a process used in the design of new
systems. Systems analysis follows stages of
investigation, design and implementation.
Each stage should involve close consultation
with potential users, in the various functional
areas of the organisation, to ensure that their
information and operational requirements are
met.
5. When to use system analysis and design
To correct problem in existing system
To improve existing system
Usher in a new system
Outside group may mandate change
Competition can lead to change
6. System Project Overview
Scope Definition
Is the project worth looking at?
Problem Analysis
Is a new system worth building?
Requirements Analysis
What do the users need and want from the new
system?
Logical Design
What must the new system do?
Decision Analysis
What is the best solution?
7.
8. SWOT Analysis for System Project
Possible IT Strengths
- Excellent Web design staff
- Low systems analyst turnover
- Recently upgraded network
Possible IT Weaknesses
- Still using several legacy systems
- Budget increase was turned down
- Documentation needs updating
Possible IT Opportunities
- Well-position for expansion
- Can be first with new software
- High potential for B2B growth
Possible IT Threats
- Aggressive new Web competition
- Impact of new government rules
- Other firms offer better benefits
9. System Analysis Techniques
Logical data modeling
This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting the data
requirements of the system being designed. The data are separated
into entities (things about which a business needs to record
information) and relationships (the associations between the entities).
Data Flow Modeling
This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting how data
moves around an information system. Data Flow Modeling examines
processes (activities that transform data from one form to another),
data stores (the holding areas for data), external entities (what sends
data into a system or receives data from a system), and data flows
(routes by which data can flow).
Entity Behavior Modeling
This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting the events
that affect each entity and the sequence in which these events occur.
10. Reasons for systems projects
Improved service
Better performance
More information
Stronger controls
Reduced cost
11. Factors that affect systems projects
Internal Factors
Strategic plan
Top managers
User requests
Information technology
department
Existing systems
External Factors
Technology
Supplier
Customers
Technology
Competitors
The economy
Government
12. Systems Development Life Cycle
Feasibility Study
Measure of how suitable
system development will
be to the company
Technical
feasibility
Economic
feasibility
(cost-benefit
analysis)
Schedule
(Time)
feasibility
Operational
feasibility
The
four
feasibility
tests
14. Systems Development Life Cycle
(SDLC)
The SDLC in system analysis and design
aims to produce a high quality system that
meets or exceeds customer expectations,
reaches completion within time and cost
estimates, works effectively and efficiently
in the current and planned Information
Technology infrastructure, and is inexpensive
to maintain and cost-effective to enhance.
16. Systems Development Life Cycle
Phase 1. Planning
Review project requests
Prioritize project requests
Allocate resources
Identify project development team
Identifying business value
Analyze feasibility
Develop work plan
Staff the project
Control and direct project
17. Systems Development Life Cycle
Phase 2. Analysis
Conduct preliminary investigation.
Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether
it is worth pursuing.
Findings are presented in feasibility report (feasibility study)
Perform detailed analysis activities:
Study current system
Determine user requirements
Recommend solution
Analysis strategy
Gathering business requirements
Requirements definition
Process modeling
Data modeling
18. Systems Development Life Cycle
Phase 3. Design
Assesses feasibility of each alternative solution
How system will be developed
Recommends the most feasible solution
Design selection
Architecture design
Interface design
Data storage design
Program design
19. Systems Development Life Cycle
Phase 4. Implementation
Construction
Program building Develop programs
Install and test new system
Program and system testing
Installation
Conversion strategy
Training plan
Convert to new system
Support plan
20. Systems Development Life Cycle
Phase 5. Support and Maintenance
Conduct post-implementation system review
Identify errors and enhancements
Monitor system performance
22. Information Discovery
Review and sampling of existing
documentation, reports, forms, databases, etc
Interview
Joint-application design (JAD) session
Joint requirement planning (JRP)
Research of relevant literature
Observation of the current system
Questionnaires and surveys
23. Product Information Discovery
References from vendor
Talk to current users of product
Product demonstrations
Trial version of software
Benchmark test measures performance
24. Information Discovery
Joint requirements planning (JRP)
The use of facilitated workshops to bring together all of
the system owners, users, and analysts, and some
systems designer and builders to jointly perform
systems analysis.
JRP is generally considered a part of a larger method
called joint application development (JAD), a more
comprehensive application of the JRP techniques to
the entire systems development process.
25. Benefits of JRP/JAD
Saves Time: It reduces the number of interviews
needed to gather the requirements and reduces
discrepancies. Everyone is in the room.
Saves Money: Fewer change requests, eliminates re
works.
Increased user buy in: users participation creates
ownership of the system.
Better Requirements Documentation:
Higher Customer Satisfaction: Customer knows at
what stage the product is. The system meets
customer needs.
26. Systems Development Life Cycle
Strengths
Control.
Monitor large projects.
Detailed steps.
Evaluate costs and completion
targets.
Documentation.
Well defined user input.
Ease of maintenance.
Development and design
standards.
Tolerates changes in MIS
staffing.
Weaknesses
Increased development time.
Increased development cost.
Systems must be defined up front.
Rigidity.
Hard to estimate costs, project
overruns.
User input is sometimes limited.
27. System Analysis Methodologies
Lifecycle/waterfall approach,
CASE tools,
Prototype,
RAD/RSD,
JAD,
Object-oriented methodology.
29. Waterfall
A sequence of stages in which the output of each stage
becomes the input for the next.
In the waterfall model, it is possible to rework earlier
stages in the light of experience gained at a later
stage. Each stage is signed off and the next stage is
proceeded with. However the end user is rarely
involved in the development stage, even though they
may well be involved in signing off.
It is therefore critical that the analysts and the
programmers understand the end-users’ requirements.
This can be quite difficult with the waterfall model.
30. Waterfall Benefits
Misunderstandings are detected at early stages
Identifies systems requirements long before
programming begins
The user will notice any missing functions, incomplete
or inconsistent requirements.
Minimizes changes to requirements as project
progresses.
Can be built quickly to demonstrate systems
It can be used for training before the system is finished
31. Waterfall Shortcoming
Design must be specified on paper before
programming begins
Long time between system proposal and delivery of
new system
The waterfall model has disadvantages, which can be
overcome using Prototyping, in which a model of the
system is developed in partnership with the end-user.
The features are worked out with the end user using
a prototype, and the end user can have a
considerable input into the development of a project.
32. Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system
design until after user requirements are clear
Phased development
A series of versions developed sequentially
Prototyping
System prototyping
Throw-away prototyping
Design prototyping
34. Prototyping
A small-scale, incomplete, but working sample of a desired
system.
Working model of proposed system
Building a scaled-down working version of the system
Advantages:
Users are involved in design
Captures requirements in concrete form
37. Prototyping
Benefits
Users interact with prototype very quickly
Users can identify needed changes and
refine real requirements
Shortcoming
Tendency to do superficial analysis
Initial design decisions may be poor
39. Throwaway Prototyping
Benefits
Risks are minimized
Important issues are understood before
the real system is built
Shortcoming
May take longer than prototyping
40. Joint Application Design (JAD)
Users, Managers and Analysts work together
for several days
System requirements are reviewed
Structured meetings
41. Agile method
The integration of various approaches of
systems analysis and design for applications
as deemed appropriate to the problem being
solved and the system being developed.
43. Agile
Benefits
Fast delivery of results
Works well in projects with undefined or
changing requirements
Shortcoming
Requires discipline
Works best in small projects
Requires much user input
44. Selecting the Appropriate Methodology
Clear user requirements
Familiarity with technology
Complexity of system
Reliability of system
Time schedule
Schedule visibility
45. References
1. Systems development life-cycle. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life-cycle
2. Project management. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_life_cycle#Project_development_stages
3. Boehm, B. W. (1988). A Spiral Model of Software Development and
Enhancement, Computer, May
4. DeMarco, T. (1978). Structured Analysis and System Specification, Prentice-
Hall
5. Systems Analysis and Design, by Wiley