In this ppt we study about sources of drugs which are obtained naturally mostly from plants and animals and various sources like minerals and other sources.
pharmacognosy of crude drugs.
2. SOURCES OF DRUGS
Drugs are obtained from Five major sources:
Plant sources
Animal sources
Mineral sources
Marine Sources
Tissue Culture
3. Plant Sources:
• Plant source is the oldest source of drugs.
• Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from
plants.
• Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. Leaves, Stem,
Bark, Fruits and Roots. Flowers, Seed, Rhizome
• Leaves
a.The leaves of Digitalis Purpurea are the source of Digitoxin
and Digoxin, which are cardiac glycosides.
b.Leaves of Eucalyptus give oil of Eucalyptus, which is
important component of cough syrup.
c.Tobacco leaves give nicotine.
d.Atropa Belladonna gives atropine.
4. Flowers:
• Poppy papaver somniferum gives morphine (opioid Analgesic)
• Vinca Rosea gives vincristine and vinblastine
• Rose gives rose water used as tonic.
Fruits:
• Senna Pod gives anthracine, which is a purgative
• Calabar beans give physostigmine, which is cholinomimetic agent.
Seeds:
• Seeds of Nux Vomica give strychnine, which is a CNS stimulant.
• Castor oil seeds give castor oil.
.
5. Roots:
• Ipecacuanha root gives Emetine, used to induce vomiting as
in accidental poisoning. It also has amoebicidal properties.
• Rauwolfia serpentina gives reserpine, a hypotensive agent.
• Reserpine was used for hypertension treatment.
Bark:
• Cinchona bark gives quinine and quinidine, which are
antimalarial drugs.
• Atropa Belladonna gives atropine, which is anticholinergic.
• Hyoscyamus Niger gives Hyosine, which is also
anticholinergic.
6. 2. Animal Sources:
• Pancreas is a source of Insulin, used in
treatment of Diabetes. .
• Sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin, used
in hypertension.
• Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A
and D.
• Blood of animals is used in preparation of
vaccines.
• Stomach tissue contains pepsin and trypsin,
which are digestive juices used in treatment of
peptic diseases in the past. Nowadays better
drugs have replaced them.
7. 3. Mineral Sources:
i. Metallic and Non metallic sources:
ii. Iron is used in treatment of iron
deficiency anemia.
iii. Zinc is used as zinc supplement. Zinc
oxide paste is used in wounds and in
eczema.
iv. Iodine is antiseptic. Iodine supplements
are also used.
v. Gold salts are used in the treatment of
rheumatoid arthritis.
8. Marine Sources:
Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of
Pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned
with the naturally occurring substances of
medicinal value from marine Generally the
drugs are obtained from the
Marine species of bacteria
Virus
Algae
Fungi
Sponges
9. organized drugs
Organized drugs consist of the
cellular organization in the form of
anatomical. features.
These are mostly the crude drugs from plant
sources.
Almost all of the morphological plant parts
or the entire plant itself can be called as
an organized drugs .
10. Unorganized drugs: These Drugs prepared
from plants are not the direct parts of plants
and are prepared by some intermediary
physical processes, such as incision, drying or
extraction with water and do not contain
cellular tissue like
I- Resin and resin combinations.
II- Gums. Ex Gum Tragcanth
III- Dried latex Ex Opium
IV- Dried juices. Ex Aloe
V- Dried extracts. Ex Gelatin
VI- Saccharine substances.
VII- Oils and Fats.
