Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air molecules in the atmosphere. It is measured using a barometer, which measures the height of a mercury column that decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases. At sea level, atmospheric pressure exerts a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases by about 1 inch of mercury for every 1,000 feet gained in elevation due to the decreasing weight of the overlying air. Changes in atmospheric pressure can help forecast weather patterns, with falling pressure typically indicating approaching bad weather.
Without water, there can be no life.
Every living thing--plants, animals, and people--must have water to live.
Water is used in almost all activities of life support systems
Water is a major abiotic factor in the environment.
Water is a common substance.
It fills the oceans, rivers, and lakes.
It is in the ground and also in the air we breathe.
Water is used for drinking, all domestic purposes, agriculture, industrial applications, cleaning and recreation.
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents.
Not all water can be used for all purposes.
Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking.
The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters.
The COVID-19 has resulted in schools shut all across the world. Globally, over 1.2 billion children are out of the classroom.
As a result, education has changed dramatically, with the distinctive rise of e-learning, whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms.
Research suggests that online learning has been shown to increase retention of information, and take less time, meaning the changes coronavirus have caused might be here to stay.
Microbiologist Michael Jacobson, PhD introduced the term “junk food” in 1972.
Junk food is a slang word for foods with limited nutritional value.
high in salt, sugar, fat or calories and low nutrient content can be termed junk food.
The Time Factor
They are easy to prepare and are very tasty. Junk foods such as potato wafers do not even need cooking or heating.
we prefer to eat them when we watch TV. We save our self a lot of hassles and time when we are in a hurry eating pizzas and burgers as they are served at our door step hot and ready to eat.
OUR CANTEEN AIMS TO SATISFY NEEDS AND WANTS OF OUR STUDENTS AND THE FACULTY BY PROVIDING QUALITY FOOD .
OUR PRODUCTS WILL BE FRESH,CLEAN AND HYGENIC AND REDUCE CONTENT OF “JUNK” IN FOOD.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The thrust exerted per unit area
on the earth’s surface due to
column of air is called atmospheric
pressure
Though, the particles are invisible,
they still have weight.
We are under high pressure
but we do not realized
because we are so used to it
4. • Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area.
(P = F/A)
• Pressure decreases as altitude increases.
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a “barometer”.
AIR PRESSURE
5. HOW HEAVY IS AIR?
1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2 = 29.92 in Hg = 760 mm
Hg = 105 N/m2 = 104 kg/m2 = 1013.2 mb
(1 bar = 100 /m2)
This means a column of air 1- inch square, extending
from the surface up to the upper atmospheric limit,
weighs about 14.7 pounds.
At sea level, the atmosphere exerts pressure on the
Earth at a force of 14.7 pounds per square inch.
6. MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
The barometer measures the height of a column of
mercury inside a glass tube.
A section of the mercury is exposed to the pressure
of the atmosphere, which exerts a force on the
mercury.
An increase in pressure forces the mercury to rise
inside the tube; as pressure drops, mercury drains
out of the tube, decreasing the height of the
column.
This type of barometer is typically used in a lab or
weather observation station, is not easily
transported, and is a bit difficult to read.
7. EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
As altitude increases, pressure diminishes,
as the weight of the air column decreases.
on average, with every 1,000 feet of
altitude increase, the atmospheric
pressure decreases 1 inch of mercury.
(every altitude +11m, pressure -1 mm Hg
8. • When altitude increases, pressure decreases, and water may
boil at a temperature below 100°C
• On every 27 mm Hg of
atmospheric pressure
increase, the B.P will
decrease by 1°C
13. A BAROMETER IS USED TO HELP
FORECAST THE WEATHER BY
MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
OR AIR PRESSURE. IT MEASURES THE
CHANGE IN ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE.
14. T h e b a r o m e t e r works b y b a l anc ing t h e we i g ht of m e r c u r y
i n t h e t u b e against t h e a t m o spheric pressure.
