1, Labor Problems. 2. Labor Organzations (in Pakistan). 3. Prevention and Settlement of Labor Disputes

1. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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Labor: The aggregate of all human physical and mental effort used in creation of goods and
services.
According to S.E. Thomas, “Labor connotes all human efforts of body or mind which are
undertaken in the expectation of reward”.
So, the workers working in factories, doctors, lawyers, ministers, officers and teachers are all
included in labor. But here, our focus will be on laborers working in factories, construction sites
etc.
Types of Labors:
1. Physical Laborand Mental Labor.
Physical laborand
physical strength
are more
important
e.g. Workers
working in
factories,
carpenter,
mason.
Mental Labor is
that in which
brain is applied or
mental fatigue is
more e.g.
advocate,
teacher, doctor.
2. SkilledandUnskilledLabor.
Special knowledge,
learning,training
and efficiency is
required in
performing the
work. e.g.
Masons,
Electricians,
Plumbers,doctors.
teachers,
advocates.
Work in which
special knowledge,
trainingor learning
is not required.
e.g. Farm laborers,
Cashiers,Grocery
clerks,Cleaners
and sweeper.
3. Productiveand UnproductiveLabor.
ProductiveLabor is that labor which adds net valueto the
product. Whileunproductivelabor is thatwhich does not
add net value.
“Labor producingmaterial goods are productiveand Labor
producingperishablegoods includingservices of servants,
teachers, doctors,lawyers etc. are unproductive.”
In neoclassical economics,distinction between productive
and unproductive labor was rejected as being
largely arbitrary and irrelevant.All the factors of
production (land,labor and capital) createwealth and add
value; they are all "productive".

2. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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LABOR PROBLEMS:
It is an economical term which is defined as; "The problem of improving the conditions of
employment of the wage-earning classes."
1. Surplusof Labor Force:
Labor market is suffering with the surplus of labor force. Higher growth of population is adding
a greater number of labor forces with the existing labor forces which is leading to the surplus of
labor forces. These labors are considered in surplus due to the lack of demand in private and
public sectors.
2. Unskilled Labor:
The growing number of unskilled laborers is also a big problem. Due to the absence of enough
training institutes, skill formation among the labor force in the country is very slow. This huge
number of unskilled laborers find difficulties in finding labor and are left unemployed.
3. Illiteracy: A very large proportion of labors comprise of illiterates. These labors cannot
understand the problems confronting the economy in general and industries. These labors do
not understand their own problems and even know about their rights.
4. Migration:If we compare our labors of to the labors of other countries, our labors are
more frequently involved in migration. Because they cannot settle down in one place due to
inadequate wages. Furthermore, the lifestyle of town and atmosphere does not suit him.
5. Absenteeism: Labors sometimes remain absent from their work for no reason. Migration
is also a reason of absenteeism of labors.
6. Poverty: Labors are very poor. Their salary or wages are also very low due to which they
cannot work efficiently and with interest.
7. Low Efficiency: The efficiency of laborers is low. Their productivity is also very low. Lack of
education and training are the main reason of it.
8. Not following theRules & Regulations: Labors due to their ignorance don’t follow the
rules and regulations which lead to bigger problems and safety hazards.
9. Drug habits:The laborers usually get involved in bad habits such as they get addicted to
drugs. Due to these unhealthy practices, their efficiency is badly affected.

3. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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10. Health and Nutrition problems: Labors due to poverty and lack of health facilities are
unhealthy and confined with illness. It affects their working ability and production potential to a
great extent.
11. Child labor: In Pakistan, according to the child labor survey, 14.91 percent and 2.66
percent of children respectively in the age group of 10–14 and 5–9 years are active in the labor
market. Alternatively, 3.3 Mn. children have been estimated to be working in numerous
workplaces and activities [FBS (1996)].
12. Gender Discrimination: Woman laborers face discrimination either searching for a
labor or while working as a labor. They’re given less labor due to their gender; males are
preferred more. As well as their wages are less than the male labors. They also face harassment
while work.
13. Lack of Political support:Labors are not given political support; politicians do not work
for the betterment and improvement of conditions for the laborers.
14. Working conditions:Lack of adequate safeguards is the major characteristics of
numerous workplaces in Pakistan. Even the organized sectors are found to be working with
hazardous working conditions.
The textile sector, for instance, which demonstrates the largest manufacturing activity in
Pakistan, is known to display poor and even hazardous working conditions.
15. Divided and Fragmented TradeUnions: Divided and fragmented trade unions,
incapable to respond to the challenges, are also responsible for the labor issue and labor
market issues.
16. InadequateLabor Laws That Are Insufficiently Implemented:
Pakistan inherited number of labor laws at the time of independence. They have been updated
over the years and some new have also been made. Presently, the labor laws are dealing with;
working conditions, hours of work, wages, occupational health and safety, social security,
worker’s welfare, old age benefits, industrial relations, child and bonded labor, etc.
These laws are still considered inadequate, as well as their coverage is restricted to those who
are employed in the organized sector. The workers in the informal sector and agricultural sector
do not fall under the scope of labor laws.
Furthermore, another problem is the inadequate implementation of these labor laws.
17. Discrimination Among Labors: The labors are not united, they’re divided based on
region, language, caste or creed, etc.

4. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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LABOR ORGANIZATIONS
It is defined as "any organization of any kind, or any agency or employee representation
committee or plan, in which employees participate and which exists for the purpose of dealing
with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours of
employment, or conditions of work”.
It is also called a trade union or worker's union.
List Of International Labor Organization:
1. Fair Labor Association (FLA): It is a non-profit organization, designed to complement
existing international and national labor laws.
2. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): It is an international union open to all
laborers.
3. International Centre for Trade Union Rights: It is an organizing and campaigning
body for trade unions and trade unionists.
4. International Labor Rights Fund (ILRF): It is a nonprofit organization dedicated to
preserving the rights of workers around the world with a particular emphasis on
sweatshops and child labor.
5. International Labor Organization (ILO): It is an agency of the United Nations to deal
with labor issues.
6. Socialist International: It is a worldwide organization of social democratic, labor,
and democratic socialist political parties.
List Of Labor Organization In Pakistan:
 Major Confederation:
Pakistan Workers Confederation
 Pakistan Labour organization “Major Federations”:
Pakistan Transport & General Workers' Federation
All Pakistan Trade Union Federation
Pakistan Workers' Federation
Pakistan Labor Federation
All Pakistan Federation of Labor
All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions

5. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions
All Pakistan Trade Union Congress
Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions
All Pakistan Oil & Gas Employees Federation (APOGEF)
Pakistan Trade Union Defense Campaign (PTUDC)
 National labor Federate Major Unions:
Railway Worker's Union (Open Lines)
Railway Worker's Union (Workshops)

6. LABOR PROBLEMS, LABOR ORGANIZATION, PREVENTION AND
SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
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PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
Labor Disputes: A labor dispute is a disagreement between an employer and employees
regarding the terms of employment. This could include disputes regarding conditions of
employment, fringe benefits, hours of work, tenure, and wages to be negotiated during
collective bargaining, or the implementation of already agreed upon terms.
Prevention of dispute: It means avoiding disputes from the very beginning of its occurrence.
Settlement of dispute: It refers to managing the existing dispute using different
management tools and techniques.
1. Collective
Bargaining
It is the first step towards the settlement of any dispute. It involves
discussion, negotiation and administration of disagreement between
the parties involved, without the assistance of any third party.
In this process, workers are represented by their representatives.
Employees and management sit together to discuss the problems of
employees.
Based upon the consensus of both the involving parties, an
agreement is reached to settle the existing disputes and to avoid any
future labor disputes.
2. Conciliation Conciliation means the reconciliation of differences between
individuals.
The settlement of the dispute by the perception of third parties is
termed as conciliation.
The disputing parties are brought together before a third party with a
view to settling the disputes through persuasion and reaching an
agreement.
During discussions, the third party can only provide suggestions but
cannot influence either party for the implementation of its
suggestions.

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3. Mediation It is like conciliation under which a third party is appointed for
recommendations and suggestions.
In this process, the party plays a more significant role as compared to
conciliation. The third party works as an arbitrator (an independent
person or body officially appointed to settle a dispute), by giving a
solution on a dispute while in conciliation the conciliator only
facilitates the talk between disputing parties.
4. Grievance
Handling
Employee grievance is due to unfair treatment at work. In every
organization employee have complaints against their employers.
Grievances causes conflict in an organization, to prevent any conflict
they should be managed immediately and cautiously.
Hence, it is very necessary for taking a proper step towards the
systematic settlement of grievances in the organization.
5. Publicity Through the multi-channel and multi-level promotion of policies and
regulations to ensure that the employer knows the law, worker’s
rights activists should know how to deal with the social and cultural
environment.
6. Arbitration Arbitration means when two parties are arguing they can’t come to
an agreement they call someone in, who is neutral and they figure
out the matter. Arbitration proceeding is heard by an informal third
party such as an Arbitrator or a panel of Arbitrators and does not take
place within a courtroom setting.
It is Arbitration refers to the private resolution of a dispute according
to an Arbitration Agreement and is an alternative to litigation.
In Arbitration rules will be followed to solve the problem by the
mediator.
7. Adjudication Adjudication takes place before a judge or jury.
Adjudication is a process that unfolds in court and therefore
represents a court trial.
Adjudication is the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews
evidence and argumentation, including legal reasoning set forth by
opposing parties or litigants to come to a decision which determines
rights and obligations between the parties involved

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It is an ultimate legal remedy for any dispute which means it is the
next level, that is If parties are not satisfied with the arbitrator result
they can approach the adjudication method.
In this, the problem will be solved by the lawyer who is appointed by
the government