8. • Local and systemic effects:
• Local effects of drugs are expected when they are applied to the
skin or mucus membrane
• A drug used for systemic effect must be absorbed into the blood
stream to produce the desired effect in the various systems and
parts of the body.
9. Allergic reactions:
• A client can react to drug as a foreign body and thus develop symptoms of
allergic reaction.
• Anaphylaxis : it is an immediate and severe reaction marked by the
decrease in blood pressure, local edema, prickling feeling in throat , edema
cyanosis etc.
• Skin rashes : (urticaria) oedematous and pinkish skin elevations
10. • Pruritus : itching of the skin with or without the rash.
• Angioedema: edema due to increased permeability of the
blood capillaries .
• Rhinitis : excessive watery discharge from the nose.
• Lacrimal tearing : excessive tears from the eyes.
• Nausea and vomiting , diarrhea
• Shortness of breath
11. • Drug tolerance :it occurs when a client develops decreased
response to a drug, requiring increased dosage to achieve
the therapeutic effects.
• Drug interactions: it occurs when a medication’s effects
are altered by the concurrent presence of other
medications or food .drug interactions are as follow:
• Synergism: it occurs when a combinations of drugs are given.
Combined drugs effect separately if taken alone but may
reduce the effect when taken in combination.
12. • Antagonism : decreased effect of drug when taken with
food.
• Drug incompatibility : it is a condition when a drug
precipitates from solutions if mixed with other medication
