CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. AND ITS TYPES
PALLAVI KUMARI

2. Forgery
It is the crime of falsely making or altering a writing by which the
legal rights or obligations of another person are apparently
affected; simulated signing of another person's name to any
such writing whether or not it is also the forger's name.
Dictionary Meanings:
fake, counterfeit, sham, fraud, imitation, dummy,
reproduction, replica, copy, print, lookalike, likeness;

3. Types of Forgery
1. Check fraud
– Forgery
– Counterfeit
– Alterations
2. Paper money
– Counterfeit
3. Identity
– Social Security
– Driver’s license

4. 1. Credit cards
– Theft of card or number
2. Art—imitation with intent to deceive
– Microscopic examination
– Electromagnetic radiation
– Chemical analysis
3. Contracts—alterations of contracts, medical
records

5. 1. Simulated forgery
2. Traced forgery
3. Blind /spurious
forgery
Methods of Forgery

6. 1. Simulated forgery—one
made by copying a genuine
model signature
Simulated Forgery

7. Traced forgery—one made
by tracing technique using a
genuine model signature
1. Carbon paper
2. Indentations
3. Transmitted light
Traced Forgery

8. Blind Forgery
• Also called spurious signature forgery
• Writing signatures that never existed

10. References
• R.N. Morris, Forensic Handwriting
Identification: Fundamental Concepts and
Principles, Academic Press, London (2000).
• E. David, The Scientific Examination of
Documents – Methods and Techniques, 2nd
Edition, Taylor & Francis, Hants (1997).
• www.google.com/images/forgeries
• www.google.com/images/tracedforgeries
• www.google.com/images/cheque/notes