Hi

1. ,ay; - 5. jpUf;nfjhuk;
m. beLtpdh
1. jpUf;nfjhuj;ijr; Re;juu; vt;thW tUzpf;fpwhu; >
jpUf;nfjhuj;ijr; Re;juu; tUzpf;Fk; tpjk;
 gz;nzhL nru;e;j ,dpa jkpH;g; ghly;fisg] ghLk; nghJ mjw;F
Vw;wthW Kjpu;e;j ';fpy;fshy; Mfpa g[y;yh';FHYk; KHt[k;
,ize;J xypf;Fk;.
 fz;fSf;F ,dpa Fspu;r;rp jUk; xspia cila
bghd;tz;z ePu;epiyfs; itu';fisg; nghd;w ePu;j;jptiyfisthup
,iwf;Fk;.
 epyj;jpd; kPJ epd;W bfhz;oUf;Fk; kjahidfs; kzpfis
thup thup tPRk;.
 ,tw;why; ,ilawhJ vGk; ‘fpz;’vd;Dk; xypahdJ ,irahf
KH';Fk;. ,jidna /
“gz;zpd;jkpH; ,irghlypd; gHbta;KHt[ mjpuf;
fz;zpd;xspfdfr;Ridtapuk;mitbrhupa”
vd;w ghly; tupfs; yk; Re;juu; jpUf;nfjhuj;ij
tUzid bra;fpwhu;.
5.ghlwpe;J xGFjy;
m. beLtpdh

2. 1. ekf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa gz;g[ eyd;fshf ey;ye;Jtdhu; TWk;
tpsf;f';fisj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
ekf;F ,Uf;f ntz;oa gz;g[ eyd;fshf ey;ye;Jtdhu; TWtd
 ,y;thH;t[ vd;gJ twpatu;fSf;F cjtp bra;jy;.
 ghJfhj;jy; vd;gJ md;g[ilnahiug; gpupahJ thH;jy;.
 gz;g[ vdg;gLtJ rhd;nwhu; fhl;oa tHpapy; elj;jy;.
 md;g[ vdg;gLtJ cwtpdu;fnshL btWg;gpd;wp thH;jy; .
 mwpt[ vdg;gLtJ mwptw;wtu; TWk; brhw;fisg; bghWj;jy;.
 brwpt[ vdg;gLtJ Kd; brhd;d thf;if kWf;fhky; fhg;ghw;Wjy;.
 epiw vdg;gLtJ kiw bghUisg; gpwu; mwpahky; fhj;jy;.
 ePjpKiw vdg;gLtJ Fw;wk; bra;jtUf;F cupa jz;lid tH';Fjy;.
 bghWik vdg;gLtJ jk;ik ,fH;thiua[k; bghWj;jy;.
,jidna/
“Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ xd;W mye;jtu;f;F cjt[jy;
nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ g[zu;e;jhiug; gpupahik”
vd;w ghly; tupfs; yk; ekf;F ,Uf;fntz;oagz;g[ eyd;fisg; gw;wp
ey;ye;Jtdhu; tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
ciueil 5. ehl;Lg;g[wf; iftpidf; fiyfs;
m. beLtpdhf;fs;
1. gpuk;ig vg;go cnyhfk; nghy tisj;Jg; bghUs;fisr; bra;a
Koa[k;>
gpuk;ig cnyhfk; nghy tisf;Fk; tpjk;

3.  Kjypy; gpuk;gpid beUg;gpy; fhl;or; R{LgLj;j ntz;Lk;.
 R{lhd gpuk;ig el;L itj;jpUf;Fk; ,uz;L flg;ghiufSf;F
,ilna brYj;jp tisf;f ntz;Lk;. mJ ntz;oa
totj;jpy; fk;gp nghy tisa[k;.
 gpd;du; mjidj; jz;zPupy; eidj;J itj;Jtpl;lhy;
mg;gona epiyj;J tpLk;.
 gpwF mtw;iw ,izj;Jr; rpW Mzpfis miwe;Jk;/ rpW
gpuk;g[ ,iHfisf; bfhz;L fl;oa[k; njitahd
bghUs;fshf khw;w ntz;Lk;.
,itna/ gpuk;ig cnyhfk; nghy tisf;Fk; tpjkhFk;.
2. RLkz; rpw;g';fisg; gw;wpj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
RLkz; rpw;g';fs;
 kz;ghz;l';fisg; nghd;nw fspkz;zhy; bra;ag;gl;Lr;
R{isapy; Rl;L vLf;fg;gLgit RLkz; rpw;g';fs; MFk;.
 jkpHu;fs; gH';fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;nj RLkz; rpw;gf;fiyapYk;
rpwe;J tps';fpa[s;sdu;.
 RLkz; rpw;g';fSf;F tz;z';fs; g{RtJk; bjhd;Wbjhl;L
,Ue;J tUk; tHf;fkhFk;.
 bgupa khspiffspYk; fiyau';FfspYk; ,it nghd;w
RLkz; rpw;g';fis mHFf;fhf itj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
 Kd;bgy;yhk; rpw;W}u;fspy; cs;s nfhapy;fspy; kl;Lnk
,tw;iwf; fhz Koa[k;.
 ,g;nghJ fiyg;bghUshf mHFf;fhfg; gy ,l';fspYk;
gad;gL;j;Jfpd;wdu;.
 ,itna/ RLkz; rpw;g';fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfshFk;.
5. bjhif / bjhfhepiyj; bjhlu;fs;

4. m. rhd;W jUf.
1. tpidj;bjhif– RLnrhW / CWfha;
2. ctikj;bjhif– kyu;f;if
3. bgabur;rj; bjhlu; - te;j kdpjd;
M. nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f.
1. ik/ Md Mfpa gz;g[Ug[fs; kiwe;J tUtJ gz;g[j;bjhif.
2. Ie;bjhiffspd; g[wj;nj xU bjhlupy; my;yhj bkhHp kiwe;J tUtJ
md;bkhHpj;bjhif
3. tpidKw;W Kd;Dk; vGtha; gpd;Dkha; tUtJ tpidKw;Wj; bjhlu;
vdg;gLk;.
,. TwpathWbra;f.
1.KUfd; ( tpsp ntw;Wikahf;Ff ) – KUfh
2. jkpH; ( gz;g[j; bjhifahf;Ff ) – bre;jkpH;
3. gtstha; ( ctik tpupahf;Ff ) –gtsk; nghd;wtha;
<. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
1. g{';FHyp te;jhs; - md;bkhHpj; bjhif
2. te;J epd;whd; - tpidbar;rj; bjhlu;
3. th th th - mLf;Fj; bjhlu]
,ay; -6 g[zu;r;rp (,ay;g[/ tpfhuk; )

5. m. rhd;W jUf.
1. capuPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp - kzp+ mo
2. capu;Kjy; g[zu;r;rp - mtd; + mHfd;
3. ,ay;g[g; g[zu;r;rp - kyu; + khiy = kyu;khiy
M. nfhol;l ,l';fis epug;g[f.
1. epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;Jk; tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;Jk; nru;e;J
tUtJ g[zu;r;rp vdg;gLk;.
2. epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J capbuGj;jha; ,Ue;jhy;
capuPw;Wg;g[zu;r;rp MFk;.
3. epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; nru;tJ
,ay;g[g; g[zu;r;rp MFk;.
,. TwpathW bra;f.;
1. thiH + Fiy (njhd;wy; tpfhukhf;Ff) –thiHf;Fiy
2. tl;lk; + gyif (jpupjy; tpfhukhf;Ff) - tl;lg;gyif
3. ghlk; + ntis ( bfLjy; tpfhukhf;Ff) - ghlntis
<. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
1. gs;spf; Tlk; - njhd;wy; tpfhuk;
2. ehd;kiw - bfLjy; tpfhuk;
3. ghlg;g[j;jfk; - jpupjy; tpfhuk;

6. nguwp"h; mz;zh Fwpj;J xU fl;Liu tiuf.
Fwpg;g[r;rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
bghUSiu
njhw;wKk; ,sika[k;
,yf;fpag;gzp
mr;Rg;gzp
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
jhH;e;J fplf;Fk; jkpHfj;ij Vw;wk; bgwr; bra;a te;jth;
nguwp"h; mz;zh . ,Us; kz;of;fple;j jkpHfj;jpy; cja Nupadha;j;
njhd;wpath; mz;zh* ViHfsha;f; nfhiHfsha; thH;e;j g[G nghd;w
g[y;ypa ,dj;ij tPWbfhs;sr; bra;jth; mz;zh . mtiuf; Fwpj;J
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk; .
bghUSiu :
njhw;wKk;/ ,sika[k; :
fh";rpg[uj;jpy; eluhrd;- g';fhU mk;khs; jk;gjpaUf;F 15.09.1909Mk;
Mz;L kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;. gs;spg; gog;ig Koj;J gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}hpapy;
nrh;e;j mz]zhtpd] kdjpYk; braypYk; gy khw;w';fs; Vw;gl;ld.
vg;nghJk; vijnaDk; goj;Jf; bfhz;oUg;gnj mtuJ tHf;fk;.
gpw;fhyj;jpYk; ,t;tHf;fk; bjhlh;e;jJ. mJjhd; mtuJ bgUk;g[yikf;Ff;
fhuzkha; ,Ue;jJ.
,yf;fpag; gzp :
mwp"h; mz;zh vGjpa E}y;fs; gyg;gy. mit tPH;r;rpa[w;w
cs;sj;jpy; vGr;rp cz;lhf;Fgit. FUl;Lf; fz;zhf;Ff; fz;ghh;it
mspg;git. g{idahff; fplg;gtiug; g[ypahf;Fgit .
mth; jpuhtpl ehL vd;w ,jH; yk; fij/ fl;Liu/ fojk; vd;Dk;
Kiwapy;; gy rPh;j;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jfis vGjpdhh;. 1968 Mk; Mz;L
mbkhpf;fhtpYs;s nay; gy;fiyf;fHfk; j';fs; khzth;fSld;

7. fye;JiuahLtjw;fhf mz;zhit rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpduhf miHj;jJ.m';F
brd;w mz;zh khzth;fisr; re;jpj;J jpUf;Fwspd; xg;ghpa fUj;Jfis
tpsf;fpf; Twpdhh;.
mr;Rg;gzp :
1967 Mk; Mz;L mz;zh mth;fs; Kjyikr;rh; MdJk; kpft[k;
bghWg;g[ld; Ml]rpia elj;j ntz;Lnk vd;W jhd; ftiyaile;jhh;.
brd;id ,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehL eilbgwr; bra;jth; .
gy;fiyf;fHf';fspy; jpUf;Fws; Ma;t[g; gpupit Vw;gLj;jpath; . ,e;jg;
bgUik fhybky;yhk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;W bgUkpjj;Jld; Twpath;.
Kot[iu :
jkpHpy; kl;Lky;yhJ M';fpyj;jpYk; mth; ty]ytuhf tps';fpdhh;.
,dpa gz;g[ld; gHfpa mtuJ md;g[s;sj;ij kwe;jth; ,th; .1969 Mk;
Mz;L gpg;uthp 3 Mk; ehs; me;j gFj;jwpt[ gfytd; kiwe;jJ. mGjJ
jkpHfk; vd;why; mjpy; kpifnaJ > thoaJ tz;lkpH; vd;why; mij
kWg;ghh; ahh; >
g[j;jfk; ntz;o jpUts;Sth; gjpg;gfj;jhh;f;F tpz;zg;gk; tiuf.
mDg;g[eh;
g{';FHyp /
muR nky;epiyg; gs;sp/
jpUts;Sth; khtl;lk;/
nguht{uzp.
bgWeh;

8. cah;jpU nkyhsh; mth;fs;/
16. jpUts;Sth; gjpg;gfk;/
jpUts;~h;.
kjpg;gpw;Fhpa Iah/
bghUs; : gjpbdz; fPH;f;fzf;F E}y;fisg; gjpt[ m";rypy;
mDg;g ntz;Ljy; rhu;ghf.
tzf;fk;. v';fs; E}yfj;jpy; gjpbdz;fPH;f;fzf;F
E}y;fSs;Fwpg;gpl;l rpy g[j;jf';fs; kl;Lnk cs;sd. gjpbdz; fPH:f;
fzf;ifr; nrh;e;j nkYk; rpy g[j;jf';fs; njitg;gLtjhy; nkw;Twpa vd;
gs;sp Kfthpf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW kpft[k; jhH;ika[ld; nfl;Lf;
bfhs;fpnwd;.
ed;wp.
g[j;jf';fspd; bgah;g;gl;oay; :
1.gHbkhHp
2.rpWg";ryk;
3.jphpfLfk;
4.Mrhuf;nfhit
5.Vyhjp
,lk;:nguht{uzp ,g;gof;F/
njjp: j';fs; cz;ika[s;s/
g{';FHyp.
ciwnky; Kfthp
bgWeh;

9. cah;jpU nkyhsh; mth;fs;/
16. jpUts;Sth; gjpg;gfk;/
jpUts;~h;.