learning - concept ,nature and types of learning learning

1. DR. GANESH DASS D.A.V COLLEGE FOR
WOMEN , KARNAL
PRESENTATION ON:
LEARNING
PRESENTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
MAHIMA DR. SHAILINI DEVGAN
ROLL NO.- 21008
CLASS- B.ED 1ST YEAR

2. SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
• DEFINATION
• NATURE OF LEARNING
• TYPES OF LEARNING

3. DEFINATION
• GARDNER MURPHY : “The term learning covers modification in
behavior to meet environmental requirements”.
• CROW & CROW: “Learning is acquisition of knowledge, habits and
attitudes . It involves new ways of doing things it operates in an
individual’s attempts to overcome obstacles or to adjust to new
situations. It represents progressive change in behavior .It enables
him to satisfy interests to attain goals”.
• HENRY P.SMITH: “ Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the
strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience”.
• WOODWORTH : “Any activity can be called Learning so far as it
develops the individual (in any aspects, good or bad) & makes his
behavior & experiences different from what otherwise would have
been”.

4.  Above learning definitions have 3 important elements:
• 1. Learning is a change in behavior for better or worse.
• 2. It is a change that takes place through practice &
experience.
• 3. Before it can be called learning, the change must be
relatively permanent i.e it must last for a long time.
Exactly how long cannot he specified, but we usually
think of learning lasting for days, months, years in
contrast to temporary behavioral effects.

5. NATURE OF LEARNING
1. Learning is Universal.
Every creature that lives learns. Man learns most. The human nervous system is
very complex, so are human reactions and so are human acquisition. Positive
learning vital for children’s growth and development.
2. Learning is through Experience.
Learning always involves some kind of experience, direct or indirect (vicarious).
3. Learning is from all Sides.
Today learning is from all sides. Children learn from parents, teachers,
environment, nature, media etc.
4. Learning is Continuous.
It denotes the lifelong nature of learning. Everyday new situations are faced and
the individual has to bring essential changes in his style of behaviour adopted to
tackle them. Learning is birth to death.

6. 5. It results in Change in Behaviour.
It is a change of behaviour influenced by previous behaviour. It is any activity
that leaves a more or less permanent effect on later activity.
6. Learning is an Adjustment.
Learning helps the individual to adjust himself adequately to the new
situations. Most learning in children consists in modifying, adapting, and
developing their original nature. In later life the individuals acquire new
forms of behaviour.
7. It comes about as a result of practice.
It is the basis of drill and practice. It has been proven that students learn
best and retain information longer when they have meaningful practice and
repetition. Every time practice occurs, learning continues.
8. Learning is a relatively Permanent Change.
After a rat wake up from his nap he still remembers the path to the food.
Even if you have been on a bicycle for years, in just a few minutes practice
you can be quite proficient again.

7. 9. Learning as Growth and Development.
It is never ending growth and development. At
reach stage the learner acquires new visions of his
future growth and news ideals of achievement in
the direction of his effort. According to
Woodworth, “All activity can be called learning so
far as it develops the individual.”
10. Learning is not directly observable.
The only way to study learning is through some
observable behaviour. Actually, we cannot observe
learning; we see only what precedes performance,
the performance itself, and the consequences of
performance.

8. TYPES OF LEARNING
• MOTOR LEARNING
• VERBAL LEARNING
• CONCEPT LEARNING
• DISCRIMINATION LEARNING
• LEARNING OF PRINCIPLE
• PROBLEM SOLVING
• ATTITUDE LEARNING

9. 1. MOTOR LEARNING
• Most of our activities in
our day-to-days life refer
to motor activities. The
individual has to learn
them in order to
maintain his regular life.
for example walking,
running, skating, driving,
climbing, football, etc.
All these activities
involve the muscular
coordination.

10. 2. VERBAL LEARNING
• This type of learning
involves the language
we speak, the
communication devices
we use. Signs, pictures,
symbols, words, figures,
sounds, etc, are the
tools used in such
activities. We use words
for communication.

11. 3. CONCEPT LEARNING
• It is the form of learning which requires higher order
mental processes like thinking, reasoning,
intelligence, etc. we learn different concepts from
childhood. Concept learning involves two processes,
viz. abstraction and generalisation.

12. 4. DISCRIMINATION LEARNING
• Learning to
differentiate
between stimuli
and showing an
appropriate
response to these
stimuli is called
discrimination
learning. Example,
sound horns of
different vehicles
like bus, car,
ambulance, etc.

13. 5. LEARNING OF PRINCIPLE
• Individuals learn certain principles related
to science, mathematics, grammar, etc. in
order to manage their work effectively.
These principles always show the
relationship between two or more
concepts. Example: formulae, laws,
associations, correlations, etc.

14. 6. PROBLEM SOLVING
• This is a higher order
learning process. This
learning requires the
use of cognitive
abilities-such as
thinking, reasoning,
observation,
imagination,
generalization, etc. This
is very useful to
overcome difficult
problems encountered
by the people.

15. 7. ATTITUDE LEARNING
• Attitude is a predisposition
which determines and directs
our behaviour. We develop
different attitudes from our
childhood about the people,
objects and everything we
know. Our behaviour may be
positive or negative
depending upon our
attitudes. Example: attitudes
of nurse towards her
profession, patients, etc.
Kind attitude
Sorrow
attitude