PPT

2. Any activity can be called learning so far as
it develops the individual & makes his/her
behavior & experiences different from what
that would otherwise have been.
-Woodworth R. S.
Learning is a process that result in the
modification of behavior.
-J. F. Travers

3.  Behaviorist view: Learning is a change in behavior as
a result of experience. Men & other living being react
to the environment.
 Gestalt view: According to this, learning depends on
gestalt or configuration (wholeness of the situation).
Learning is a total reaction to the total situation.
 Hormic view: This view was developed by McDougall.
It stresses on the purposeful nature of learning, i.e.
learning is a goral-directed activity.
 Trail & error view: This view was put forward by
Thorndike. He conducted many experiments on
dogs, cats & fish & concluded that most learning
takes place by trial & error.

4.  Learning is a process which involves a series of
steps:
1. Motive of
learner
2. Establishing
the goals
3. Teacher-
student
adjustment
4. Change in
behavior of
pupil
5. Fixation
or
stabilization
of behavior

5.  Learning is cooperative process:
Elements of cooperative learning
Group
processing
Individual &
group
accountability
Promote face-
to-face
interaction
Positive
interdependence
Learning
social skills

6. • It is unitary
• It is individual
• It is purposive
• It is creative
• It modifies the behavior of individual
• It helps in the organization of experiences
• It helps to make choices in life
• It helps to bring changes in life
• It helps in continuous professional development
• It tunes with the trends & development in particular fields

8. Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence
aimed at changing the behavior potential of
another person.
-American Educational Research Association
Commission
Teaching is stimulation, guidance, direction &
encouragement of learning.
-Burton

9. Teaching is a tripolar process
Teaching is an interactive process
Teaching takes place at multiple levels
Teaching must be planned
Teaching needs effective reciprocal
communication
Teaching is the motivation to learn
Teaching is guidance
Teaching is a professional activity
Teaching is an art as well as science
Teaching helps attain information, knowledge &
skills

10. Teaching principles help teachers develop an
insight regarding their strength & weakness &
provide information pertaining to teaching.
The principles of teaching are discussed
under two subheadings:
• General principles of teaching
• Psychological principles of teaching

11. Define aim
Activity (learning by doing )
Principle of correlation
Principles of planning
Principles of flexibility & elasticity

12. Principle of utilizing past experiences
Principle of pupil centeredness
Principle of individual differences
Principles of effective strategies &
instructional material
Principles of conducive environment &
proper control

13. Principle of diagnostic & remedial
teaching
Principle of suggestiveness
Principle of progressiveness
Principles of democracy
Principles of liberasting the mind

14. • Motivation or interest
• Cooperation
• Creativity & recreation
• Principle of sympathy & kindness
• Principle of repetition & exercise
• Principle of readiness

15. • Principle of change & rest
• Principle of providing training to senses
• Principle of feedback & reinforcement
• Principle of group dynamics
• Principle of creativity & self-expression
• Principle of encouraging self-learning

16. Simple
to
complex
Easy to
difficult
Known
to
unknown
Part to
whole
Whole to
part

17. Concrete to
abstract
Particular to
general
Analysis to
synthesis
Empirical to
rational
Psychological
to logical

18. Actual to
representative
Induction to
deduction
General to
specific
Specific to
general

19. definite details
Indefinite to Overview to
Observation
to
reasoning
Follow
nature