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Nan Yu Maw
- 1. An Analysis of UplandAgriculture and Farming System for Livelihoods in Hakha Township, Chin State By Nan Yu Maw 1
- 2. Introduction • Chin state - Northwest part of Myanmar and an upland region - borders with India and Bangladesh - most remote area • Hakha Township - Northern, Chin state - population - 48,000 people (Census,2014) 2
- 3. Study areas and its situations • Nipi village - 7 miles • Chuncung village - 14 miles • Loklung village - 9 miles 30 respondents per village Chuncung village - female 18 respondents - male 12 respondents FGD- 3 old male farmers + 2 female farmers Nipi village - female 20 persons - male 10 persons FGD- 2 old male farmers + 4 female farmers Loklung Nipi Chuncung NIpi Loklung Figure1: Location of the study - areas from Hakha 3
- 4. Figure; 1 - Topography and land use in Chuncung village Banana Orange Payaya Ginger Taro Sweet potato Cabbage Rice Onion Potato Maize Village and small home gardenHilly Land Alluvial and upland Lowland Sandy Clay soil Clay and Black Soil Clay Soil Stream Main road 4
- 5. Figure; 3 - Percentage of cultivated crops (Chuncung village) 6 56% Paddy 7% Peas 39% vegetables 39% Ginger 25% 0nion 21% Potato
- 6. Figure; 2 - Topography and land use in Nipi village Banana Peai bean Elephant yam Avocado Onion Strawberry Peas Maize Rice Hilly Land Village and small home garden Alluvial and upland Lowland 6
- 7. Figure; 2 - Topography and land use in Nipi village Banana Peai bean Elephant yam Avocado Onion Strawberry Peas Maize Rice Hilly Land Village and small home garden Alluvial and upland Lowland 5
- 8. 7 Figure; 4 - Percentage of cultivated crops (Nipi village)
- 9. Table 1: Types of land and cultivated crop Summer Season Raining season Winter season Tomato, Cauliflower, Salads, Carrot, radish Rice, peas, sweet potato, radish, ginger, broccoli, mustard, eggplant, banana, Maize, Potato, Green peas. Garlic, Onion, , Salads, Carrot, Lowland Upland area Alluvial Hilly area Sandy Clay soil Black clay or red clay Soil Black clay or red clay Soil Clay Soil Monsoon Rice Potato, Ginger, Garlic, Onion, Maize, Cabbage Strawberry, Sweet Potato, Vegetables Maize, Tree Tomato Green Pea, Vegetables Ginger, Taro, Banana, Vegetables, Mango, Papaya, Lemon, Peach Table 2: Seasonal cultivated crops 8
- 10. Cropping system in study areas Lowlands - Monsoon paddy with good rainwater access Alluvial lands - - - - - Maize Strawberry Ginger Onion + Mustard+ Cabbage Ginger/ Potato// Uplands - - - - Potato/ Maize // Maize/ Peas// Potato/ Peas // Onion + Garlic+ Raddish, Hilly lands - - Lemon + Orange + petai bean +Tree Tomato+ Peach+ avocado Mango+ Petai bean+ Papaya+ Pineapple+ Banana+ lemon 9
- 11. Labor Productivity Production cost Land Productivity 10 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Maize Potato Onion Ginger paddy Peas Strawberry 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Maize Potato Onion Ginger paddy Peas Strawberry MMK/acre MMK/acre MMK/acre 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 Maize Potato Onion Ginger paddy Peas Strawberry
- 12. Farming Systems FS 1 Cash crops (maize, potato, ginger), rice terrace, (<5 cows, <10 buffalos, <2 horses, 1 pig) FS 2 Rice terrace, vegetables for home consumption (<5 cows, <10 buffalos). FS 3 No cash crops, only rice terrace, (<5cows, <5 buffalos, < 6 pigs, <15 chicken, <8 ducks) FS 4 Cash crop (maize ,potato, ginger), vegetables for home consumption , rice terrace, (<6 duck, <15 chicken,) FS 5 Cash crops, orchards, No livestock FS 6 Vegetables for home consumption, small livestock (<25 chicken, <3 pigs) FS 7 Cash crop, vegetables for home consumption , No livestock FS 8 Rice, orchards, small livestock (<6 pigs) 11
- 13. Table; 2 - Livestock System Items Labour Force Money Cows Horses Buffaloes - act as power to pull plough and harrow - carry loads up and down steep mountain slopes When the household need money, livestock is sold. Pigs Keep it for 8 months and then sell Chickens For home consumption of meats 12
- 14. Major Findings for sustainable agriculture • “ Soil type is fertile. So many vegetables cultivated in home garden produce optimal yield even though fertilizers are not very used ”(old president in chuncung village) Challenge and Constraint • “one third of our crops are wasted due to insects and pests in the field before harvesting time ’’ ( farmer from Nipi village) • Major constraints in crop production include selection of suitable crops variety, lack of knowledge and seed production system that involve farmers, DOA and NGOs 13
- 15. Summary and Conclusion ‘Water shortage’ - Cash crops decrease yield or cannot grow due to insufficient water in winter and summer seasons ‘Cultivation system’ - Farmers are gradually changing and adapting their new crops and cropping patterns to reduce shifting cultivation ‘Out Migration’ - Pressure on the farming systems, as economically productive people the workforce ages continue to leave 14
- 16. ‘Lack of knowledge in consumption’ - Consumption of eggs and diary products such as milk is low in the Hakha diet. Learning FSA – good chance to know farmers behavior and practices, livelihoods conditions. 15
- 17. • Thank You 17
- 18. Crops types Family Labor Hire labor Yield / acre Consumpion Strawberry 3- 5 10 3000 tins 50 tins Maize 1-3 4 35 baskets 10 basket Potato 1- 2 8 200 viss 50 viss Onion 1- 2 6 200 viss - Ginger 1- 3 3 500 viss 10 viss Paddy 1- 3 8 78 baskets - Peas 1- 2 4 256 tins 48 tins 18
- 19. Chin’s history - All Households practiced shifting cultivation, paddy terraces cultivation and crop rotations (1962) -Shifting cultivation stopped and started permanent farming. Development of permanent farming was unequal between villages. (1970-1980) - Long term migration to Malaysia, the United States, Australia, India, Norway and Denmark to find better work (1988- present) - Groundnut, Millet, Pigeon Pea, Sulphur bean were replaced by new crops like sweet potato, taro, ginger, potato to reduce shifting cultivation and no market access (Chuncung village) (1990-2000) 19
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning everybody! I am Nan Yu Maw, a master student at the department of Agricultural Extension from Yezin Agriculture University. Now I would like to present about my research conditions conducting in Hakha Township, Chin State. . The title is An Analysis of Upland Agriculture and Farming System for Livelihoods in Hakha Township, Chin State.
- Chin State is an upland region of Myanmar and located in the northwest, that shares western borders with India and Bangladesh. Chin state is the most remote state or region in Myanmar by country standards. Hakha township is located in the northwest of chin state. Total population is about 48,000 people.
- Villages are usually situated close to a road for better transportation and access to towns. ( markets and services). I studied 3 villages in Hakha township. But in my presentation, I want to present only two villages conditions, Chuncung and Nipi villages. Because I have time limited to analyze all data from three villages. But I have collected data from three villages. In my research , 30 respondents per village was interviewed and conducted FGD in both three villages.
- In chuncung village, ginger is the main cash crop. And other secondary cash crops are maize, potato, rice. Vegetables are mostly grown for home consumption in their home garden.
- In Nipi village, the main cash crop is strawberry. In this two villages, the same point is that rice terraces, maize, potato are commonly grown for staple crops. Cultivated crops are a little different depending on the soil fertility of villages.
- In Nipi village, the main cash crop is strawberry. In this two villages, the same point is that rice terraces, maize, potato are commonly grown for staple crops. Cultivated crops are a little different depending on the soil fertility of villages.
- Many farmers grow vegetables in their home garden with good water access all the year round.
- Lowland, sandy clay soil on which only monsoon rice is grown. Upland and alluvial with red clay or black clay soil on which, Potato, Ginger, Maize, Cabbage, Strawberry, Sweet Potato, peas and Vegetables are cultivated in the rainy season. In the hilly area, most farmers cultivate perennial crops and orchard combining with ginger and taro.
- Many farmers are cultivating monsoon rice on lowland areas nearby a small stream. Gravity irrigation is done by diverting water from stream with pipes or earthen channels. Banana, lemon, avocado, mango and petai bean are grown by mix cropping on the same lands. Some farmers have been cultivating peas, onion, garlic and vegetables in the winter season after maize, potato, ginger cultivation in the raining season.
- Most farmers used daily labor during crop sowing, weeding and harvesting times. Labor wages are 7000-8000 MMK per day, depending on the gender. Inputs such as cow dung, natural compost and chemical product such as compound are mostly used for all crop cultivation. One pack of Cow dung with 50 kg is purchased by 5000 MMK. Ginger has the lowest labor productivity and production cost because ginger used only 3 labor per acre and 2 pack of compounds. But strawberry is the highest labor productivity and production cost because 30 pack of cow dungs and 10 labors are used for one care. According to the research finding, strawberry is the highest land productivity because of high yield that have good soil fertility and haven’t water problems. But the ginger is higher than other crops except strawberry because of higher market price and low labor requirements.
- Many farmers stop shifting cultivation. The first to quite shifting cultivation were the households with large and small livestock and rice terrace. Some farmers combine with permanent orchards and garden. Some households with only small livestock did not have rice terraces.
- Large livestock such as Cows, Horses and Buffaloes have two functions, labor force and saving money. Due to the steepness of slopes and narrowness of mountain paths, machinery is not suitable to be used in farming in hakha. So, large livestock act as power to pull ploughs and carry loads up and down steep mountain slopes. Farmers buy a piglet, kept it for 8 months and then sell it. - Chickens are used for home consumption.
- Out Migration is placing pressure on the farming systems, as economically productive people continue to leave and the workforce ages