L1 introduction

Hydrology
CEN 363
Credit : 3.00
Md. Mehedi Hassan Masum
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Port City International University

Department of CEN, PCIU
Hydrologic cycle.
Weather and Hydrology.
Precipitation,
Evaporation and transpiration.
Infiltration.
Stream flow.
Application of telemetry and remote sensing hydrologic
data acquisition.
Rainfall-runoff relations.
Hydrographs,
Unit hydrographs.
Hydrologic routing.
Statistical methods in hydrology

Applied Hydrology-V. T. Chow, David R Maidment, Larry
(McGraw-Hill Book Company)
Engineering Hydrology (2nd Edition)-K. Subramanya (Tata
McGraw-Hill Publisher, India)

 Be reasonable, regular and act politely.
 Turn off your mobile phone. If you have urgent calls
to make or answer, kindly leave the room.
 No noisy chat and all other activities that can distract
the lecture should be avoided.
 No food. Only water and candy are allowed.
 Do not disturb your classmates.
 Bring ID card & dress properly.

hydro.logy
The term hydrology is from Greek: hydōr, "water"; and, logos,
"study".
noun
the science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution,
and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.

• “Hydrology is the science that
treats the waters of the earth, their
occurrence, circulation and
distribution, their chemical and
physical properties, and their
reaction with their environment,
including their relation to living
things. The domain of hydrology
embraces the full life history of
water on the earth”
The “Blue Book”

•A profession is a “calling requiring
specialized knowledge, which has as its
prime purpose the rendering of a public
service”
•What hydrologists do:
• Water use – water withdrawal and in-stream uses
• Water Control – flood and drought mitigation
• Pollution Control – point and nonpoint sources

HYDROLOGY | history
Along the Indus
River, Pakistan, the
Tigris and Euphrates
in Mesopotamia,
Hwang Ho in China,
and the Nile in Egypt
that the first
hydraulic engineers
created canals, levees,
dams, subsurface
water conduits, and
wells
The Romans constructed
numerous aqueducts to bring
water from distant sources
into their cities and towns.
Waste water was removed by
complex sewage systems and
released into nearby bodies
of water. Some aqueducts
also provided water for
mining, processing,
manufacturing, and
agriculture.
Leonardo da Vinci
and Bernard Palissy
independently
reached an accurate
representation of the
hydrologic cycle
Perault
Linked rainfall to
flow of the river
Seine
Marriotte
Combined velocity
and river cross
section to obtain
discharge of the
river Seine
Pitot
Bernoulli
Euler
Chezy
Dalton
Made progress in
applications of
mathematics, fluid
mechanics,
and hydraulics
Darcy
Worked on
groundwater
hydrology
Poiseuille
Stokes
Manning
Reynolds
Mead
Meyer
Hazen
Gumbel
Hurst
Meinzer
Hubbert
Prandtl
Chow
Thornthwaite
Penman
Horton
4000 BC 200 AD 1500 1800 19001850

HYDROLOGY | branches
Study of
chemical
characteristics
of water
Study of
interactions
of living
organisms
and the
hydrologic
cycle
Hydrogeology Hydrometeorology
Surface
Hydrology
Drainage Basin
Management
Water Quality
Study of the
distribution
and movement
of groundwater
in the soils and
rocks of the
Earth’s crust
Study of the
transfer of water
and energy
between land
and water body
surfaces and the
lower
atmosphere
Study of
hydrologic
processes
that operate
at or
near Earth's
surface
Covers water-
storage, in the
form of
reservoirs,
and flood-
protection
Chemistry of
water in
rivers and
lakes, both of
pollutants
and natural
solutes
Eco
Hydrology
Chemical
Hydrology

Subsurface Outflow
1
Land (148.7 km2)
(29% of earth area)
Ocean (361.3 km2)
(71% of earth area)
Precipitation
100
Evaporation
61
Surface Outflow
38
Precipitation
385
Evaporation
424
Atmospheric moisture flow 39
Units are in volume per year relative to precipitation on land
(119,000 km3/yr) which is 100 units

Land (148.7 km2)
(29% of earth area)
Ocean (361.3 km2)
(71% of earth area)
Precipitation
800 mm (31 in)
Evaporation
480 mm (19 in)
Outflow
320 mm (12 in)
Precipitation
1270 mm (50
in)
Evaporation
1400 mm (55 in)
Atmospheric moisture flow
316 mm (12 in)
(Values relative to land
area)

Global Water Resources
105,000 km3 or
0.0076% of total
water

HYDROLOGY | applications
Determining the
water balance
for a region
Determining
agricultural
water balance
Designing buffers
Predicting
floods
Designing
irrigation
schemes
Designing
drainage
systems
Designing
Urban
drinking
water and
sewer
systemsAssessing
export of
sediment &
nutrients from
fields to water
systems
Assessing impacts of
natural and human
induced
environmental
change on water
resources

HYDROLOGY | the hydrologic cycle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Condensation
Runoff
Precipitation
Subsurface flow

• Saline water in oceans accounts for 97.2% of total water on earth.
 Land areas hold 2.8% of which ice caps and glaciers hold
76.4% (2.14% of total water)
Groundwater to a depth 4000 m: 0.61%
Soil moisture : 0.005%
Fresh-water lakes : 0.009%
Rivers: 0.0001%.
>98% of available fresh water is groundwater.
 Hydrologic CYCLE has no beginning and no end
 Water evaporates from surface of the ocean, land, plants.
 Amount of evaporated water varies, greatest near the equator.
 Evaporated water is pure (salts are left behind).

HYDROLOGY | themes | atmospheric water
“Water present in the
atmosphere either as a solid
(snow, hail), liquid (rain) or
gas (fog, mist)”
Topics
• Cloud formation
• Precipitation types
• Measuring precipitation
• Evaporation types
• Estimating evaporation

HYDROLOGY | themes | surface water
“Water at the surface,
whether stagnant in the
form of surface storage or
flowing in rivers, or as
overland flow on slopes”
Topics
• Bernoulli’s equation
• Measuring water velocity
and flow
• Hydrograph analysis
• Pollutant loads

HYDROLOGY | themes | groundwater & soil water
“Water beneath the land
surface that fully saturates
the pores in the ground is
called groundwater”
“Water stored in the
unsaturated zone above the
water table is called soil
water”
Topics
• Aquifers
• Darcy’s Law
• Soil moisture
• Capillary rise &
evaporation
• Infiltration & percolation

HYDROLOGY | distribution of earth’s water

HYDROLOGY | fresh water

HYDROLOGY | fresh water | rivers & lakes

HYDROLOGY | watershed | definition
“A watershed is an extent or an
area of land here surface
water from rain and melting
snow or ice converges to a single
point, usually the exit of the basin,
where the waters join another
water body, such
as river, lake, reservoir,
wetland, sea, or ocean”
Also known as:
• Catchment
• Catchment area
• Catchment basin
• Drainage area
• River basin
• Water basin

1. Region
21 nationally
HYDROLOGY | watershed | hydrologic classification
2. Sub-region
221 nationally
3. Basins
378 nationally
4. Sub-basins
2246 nationally
700 square miles
average area
4. Watershed
5-15 per sub-basin
5. Sub-watershed
5-15 per watershed

HYDROLOGY | watershed | characteristic factors
Topography
Topography determines the speed with which the runoff will reach a
river. Clearly rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the
river faster than flat or gently sloping areas.
Shape
Shape will contribute to the speed with which the runoff reaches a
river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular
catchment.
Size
Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the
larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding.
Soil type
Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river.
Sandy soils are very free draining and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to
be absorbed by the ground.
Clayey soils can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay
soils will runoff and contribute to flood volumes.
Land use
Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a
similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on
roofs, pavements and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no
absorption into the groundwater.

HYDROLOGIC THINKING !
Precipitation, snow, seasonality, fire, soil, nutrients, flora/fauna,
ground water, floods, rivers, climate change?

SEMI-ARID

NATIVE PRAIRIE

RAINFORESTS

REFERENCES
• Introduction to Physical Hydrology, Martin R. Hendricks
• Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Bedient, Huber and Vieux
• National Geographic Magazine
• www.wikipedia.org

researchgate.net/profile/Mehedi_Masum
For further query feel free to contact:
mehedi.ce.cuet@gmail.com

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