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WHAT IS HARDNESS OF
WATER ?
TOPICS
• WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER?
• REACTION OF SOAP WITH WATER
• HARD WATER VS SOFT WATER –COMPARISON
• TYPES OF WATER HARDNESS & REMOVAL METHOD
• DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS
• HARDNESS UNITS & CONVERSION TABLE
WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER?
AS PER CHEMISTRY, THE AMOUNT OF CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS PRESENT IN
WATER.
IN OTHER WORDS HARDNESS OF WATER MEANS THE LATHER PRODUCING
CAPACITY OF WATER.
HARD WATER CONTAINS MORE CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS & PRODUCES LESS
LATHER WITH SOAP
SOFT WATER CONTAINS LESS CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS & PRODUCES MORE
LATHER WITH SOAP
REACTION OF SOAP WITH WATER
• SOAP CONTAINS LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS OF SODIUM SALT.WHEN SOAP
REACT WITH WATER CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS PRESENT IN WATER IS
CONVERTED TO CORRESPONDING CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM SALTS & IT IS
PRECIPITATE AS SCUM. THIS SCUM IS STICKS ON THE SURFACE TO BE CLEANED
SO THAT CLEANING CAPACITY OF SOAP IS REDUCED
HARD WATER VS SOFT WATER
HARD WATER
• MORE CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS
ARE PRESENT
• PRODUCES LESS LATHER WITH SOAP
• TOTAL HARDNESS VALUE IS >60PPM
AS CACO3
SOFTWATER
• LESS CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS
ARE PRESENT
• PRODUCES MORE LATHER WITH SOAP
• TOTAL HARDNESS VALUE IS < 60PPM
AS CACO3
CARBONATE HARDNESS OR TEMPORARY
HARDNESS
• HARDNESS PRESENT IN WATER IS DUE TO CARBONATE(CO3) & BICARBONATE(HCO3)
IONS IS CALLED CARBONATE OR TEMPORARY HARDNESS OF WATER
• IT IS CALLED TEMPORARY HARDNESS BECAUSE IT IS REMOVED WHEN WE BOIL THE
WATER
NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS OR PERMANENT
HARDNESS
• HARDNESS PRESENT IN WATER IS DUE TO CHLORIDE(CI) &SULFATE(SO 4) IONS IS
CALLED NON-CARBONATE OR PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER IT IS CALLED
PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER
• IT IS CALLED PERMANENT HARDNESS BECAUSE IT IS NOT REMOVED WHEN WE
BOIL THE WATER
• IT IS REMOVED BY SOFTENING OR DEMINERALIZATION PROCESS
WATER HARDNESS ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW
Calcium
hardness
Magnesium
hardness
Total
hardness
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS
DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM HARDNESS
DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM HARDNESS
• MAGNESIUNM HARDNESS IS DETERMINED BY
SUBTRACTING CALCIUM HARDNESS VALUE FROM TOTAL
HARDNESS
CALCULATION:
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS=TOTAL HARDNESS-CALCIUM
HARDNESS PPM AS CACO3
WATER HARDNESS CLASSIFICATION
WATER HARDNESS UNIT CONVERSION

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What is hardness of water.pptx

  • 1. WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER ?
  • 2. TOPICS • WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER? • REACTION OF SOAP WITH WATER • HARD WATER VS SOFT WATER –COMPARISON • TYPES OF WATER HARDNESS & REMOVAL METHOD • DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS • HARDNESS UNITS & CONVERSION TABLE
  • 3. WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER? AS PER CHEMISTRY, THE AMOUNT OF CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS PRESENT IN WATER. IN OTHER WORDS HARDNESS OF WATER MEANS THE LATHER PRODUCING CAPACITY OF WATER. HARD WATER CONTAINS MORE CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS & PRODUCES LESS LATHER WITH SOAP SOFT WATER CONTAINS LESS CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS & PRODUCES MORE LATHER WITH SOAP
  • 4. REACTION OF SOAP WITH WATER • SOAP CONTAINS LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS OF SODIUM SALT.WHEN SOAP REACT WITH WATER CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS PRESENT IN WATER IS CONVERTED TO CORRESPONDING CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM SALTS & IT IS PRECIPITATE AS SCUM. THIS SCUM IS STICKS ON THE SURFACE TO BE CLEANED SO THAT CLEANING CAPACITY OF SOAP IS REDUCED
  • 5. HARD WATER VS SOFT WATER HARD WATER • MORE CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS ARE PRESENT • PRODUCES LESS LATHER WITH SOAP • TOTAL HARDNESS VALUE IS >60PPM AS CACO3 SOFTWATER • LESS CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM IONS ARE PRESENT • PRODUCES MORE LATHER WITH SOAP • TOTAL HARDNESS VALUE IS < 60PPM AS CACO3
  • 6.
  • 7. CARBONATE HARDNESS OR TEMPORARY HARDNESS • HARDNESS PRESENT IN WATER IS DUE TO CARBONATE(CO3) & BICARBONATE(HCO3) IONS IS CALLED CARBONATE OR TEMPORARY HARDNESS OF WATER • IT IS CALLED TEMPORARY HARDNESS BECAUSE IT IS REMOVED WHEN WE BOIL THE WATER
  • 8. NON-CARBONATE HARDNESS OR PERMANENT HARDNESS • HARDNESS PRESENT IN WATER IS DUE TO CHLORIDE(CI) &SULFATE(SO 4) IONS IS CALLED NON-CARBONATE OR PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER IT IS CALLED PERMANENT HARDNESS OF WATER • IT IS CALLED PERMANENT HARDNESS BECAUSE IT IS NOT REMOVED WHEN WE BOIL THE WATER • IT IS REMOVED BY SOFTENING OR DEMINERALIZATION PROCESS
  • 12. DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM HARDNESS • MAGNESIUNM HARDNESS IS DETERMINED BY SUBTRACTING CALCIUM HARDNESS VALUE FROM TOTAL HARDNESS CALCULATION: MAGNESIUM HARDNESS=TOTAL HARDNESS-CALCIUM HARDNESS PPM AS CACO3
  • 14. WATER HARDNESS UNIT CONVERSION