2. Contents
⢠Introduction
⢠Objectives of assay
⢠Characteristics of good assay
⢠Errors in bioassay
⢠Methodology
⢠Organ bath
⢠Physiological solution
⢠Different types of assay
3. ASSAY
âEstimation of the amount or activity of an active principle in a unit
quantity of preparationâ
4. Types of assay
1.Physiochemical
- gas chromatography
- spectrophotometry
-fluorimetry
- mass spectrometry
2. Biologically mediated/bioassay
3.Immunological assay â RIA, ELISA
4.Microbiological assay
5. DEFINITION
âBioassay is defined as comparative assessment of
relative potency of a test compound (T) to a standard
compound (S) on any living animal or biological tissueâ
6. INTRODUCTION
ďStandardization of diphtheria antitoxin
-Paul Ehrlich
ďBasic step towards the drug discovery
ď Determine the effect of any natural source of unknown substances
ď Assessment of unknown substance on any living tissue
7. ďA bioassay experiment - Quantal
- Quantitative
ďSubstances Used in Bioassay
-Derived from plants and animal sources
8. Objective or Purpose of Bioassay
ďIdentification of various compounds
ď Quantify the screening procedure
ď Commercial production of drugs like antibiotics
13. Reason and its correction for biological variation
⢠Downregulation of receptors (repeated washing of tissue; avoid over washing)
⢠Loss of tissue sensitivity (change the tissue)
⢠Animal use of different species, sex, age, weight and health status (must use same
species)
⢠Laboratory condition may be variable (must be kept constant)
⢠Housing and handling of animals (must be handled by a qualified experienced
staff)
14. Reasons for Methodological error and its correction
ď Lack of standardization of procedure
(standardize your procedure beforehand)
ď Set-up of apparatus
(Check every instrument used in the experiment for their proper working)
ďTissue isolation/extraction and preparation for the experiment
(minimize handling and excess cleaning of the tissue while mounting in the organ
bath)
15. ContâŚ..
ďPreparation of physiological salt solution (PSS) and maintenance of its
pH
(Follow the standard procedure to prepare and maintain the pH of PSS)
ďDrug preparation or it dilution
(while making serial dilution of the drug, mix it slowly; Avoid the vigorous mixing).
16. Bioassay may be performed on
16
⢠Intact animals
Invivo
⢠Isolated tissues
⢠Specific cells
⢠OrganismsInvitro
20. ORGAN BATH
â Traditional experimental set-up that is commonly used to
investigate the physiology and pharmacology of in vitro tissue
preparationsâ
Perfused tissues can be maintained for several hours in a temperature controlled
organ bath
21.
22.
23. Essential Parts of Organ Bath which is Required to
Record the Response of a Tissue/Muscle
ďSherrington rotating drum
(standard speed of the drum is 1 revolution/96 min.)
ďKymogram is the paper used to record the response
ďOuter bath/Outer water jacket
ďInner organ bath
24. Cont.âŚ.
⢠Tissue holder and oxygen supply
⢠Fulcrum
⢠Heating iron coil and thermostat
⢠Fixing of the recording
(shellac and colophony saturated in the alcohol)
27. Physiological Salt Solution
⢠Also called as PSS / Ringer solution
⢠Maintains tissue outside the animal body
⢠Select PSS in which tissue last longer
⢠Prepare the solution with the help of distilled or double distilled or
deionized water
⢠Prepare fresh solution
29. Role of Each Ingredient
⢠Sodium (Na+): maintain the osmolarity
⢠Potassium (K+): maintaining rate and rhythm.
⢠Calcium chloride (CaCl2): excitation
⢠Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): reduce the spontaneous activity of
tissue
30. ⢠Amphibian tissue - Frog-Ringer solution
⢠heart muscle preparation- Ringer-Locke
⢠Tyrode - mammalian smooth muscle
⢠Krebs, De Jalon and McEwen - mammalian isolated organ
31. PHYSIOLOGICAL SALT SOLUTION (PSS)
Tyrode may be used for experiment with non-innervated muscle while
Krebs is used for nerve muscle preparation
PH- 7.3-7.4
32. LEVER
âLoad force Ă length of load arm = Effort force Ă length of effort arm.â
1) Effort arm
2) Load arm
3) Fulcrum
33.
34. Different types of levers, commonly used in
experimental pharmacology
Simple lever Frontal writing lever
37. TYPE OF TISSUE
1. According to tissue/muscle obtained:
â Smooth muscle preparation, e.g.: Uterus, tracheal smooth muscle,
vas deferens, aorta, ileum, ascending or descending colon, etc.
â Skeletal muscle, e.g.: Rectus abdominus muscle, etc.
â Cardiac muscle, e.g.: Frog heart etc.
38. 2. According to response obtained by tissue/ muscle
- Slow contracting tissue/muscle
e.g. Frog rectus abdominus muscle, stomach fundus, guinea pig
tracheal smooth muscle
â Fast contracting tissue/muscle
e.g. Ileum, uterus, ascending and descending colon
39. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOASSAY
⢠1. Direct end point assay (DEPA)
⢠2. Quantal assay (all or none assay)
⢠3. Graded assay
a. Bracketing assay
b. Matching assay
c. Interpolation assay
d. Multiple point assay (3-point, 4-point, 6-point and 8-point)
40. 1. End Point Method
⢠Threshold dose producing a positive effect is measured
⢠e.g. bioassay of digitalis in cats
⢠The threshold dose of standard = Total period of infusion à Rate of
drug administration
41. ⢠Concentration of test = TDS X CSD
TDT
⢠TDS = Threshold dose of standard
⢠TDT = Threshold dose of test
⢠CSD = Concentration of standard drug
43. 2. Graded response assays
⢠Response is proportional to the dose
⢠Response may lie between no response and the maximum response
44. Bracketing assay
⢠Test sample volume is too small
⢠Single /few responses â test drug
⢠This response is bracketed b/w 2 responses of the standard drug
⢠Potency â conc. Standard drug / dose response curve
45.
46. Matching assay
⢠Compare both test and standard â trial and error method
⢠Response is matched b/w test and standard drug
⢠Require very small volume of test drug
⢠It require most sensitive tissue
51. Limitations of above mentioned assays
⢠Lack of sensitivity
⢠Lack of accuracy
⢠Methodological errors such as tissue sensitivity error
⢠Variable temperature error
⢠Dilution error
52. Multiple point assays
ď Responses are repeated several times and the mean of each is taken
ď Chances of error areminimized
ďź 3 point method - 2 doses of std+1 dose of test
ďź 4 point method - 2 doses of std+2 doses of test
ďź 6 point method - 3 doses of std+3 doses of test
ď Latin square method of randomization to avoid any bias33
59. Calculation
⢠Mean responses of 4 sets plotted
⢠Log potency ratio (M)
(T2-S2)+(T1-S1) Ă Log d
(S2-S1)+(T2-T1)
where, d-dose ratio = s2/s1
⢠Strength of unknown =
s1/t1 Ă antilog of M
41
60. 6-point and 8-point Assay
⢠Time consuming lengthy procedure
⢠Reduced error
⢠Greater specificity
61. APPLICATIONS OF BIOASSAY
1. Estimate potency of natural drug.
2. Standardization of drugs of natural origin (plant and animal origin)
3. Screening of new compound for biological activity
4. Estimation of biologically active substance like histamine,
acetylcholine, adrenaline.