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1. Solid Walling
Tutor Copy

2. Unit 204
Building solid walling, isolated
and attached piers
This booklet covers learning outcomes
1.4
1.5
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.12
5.10
5,11

3. SOLID WALLS
What is a solid wall? - generally a wall having a thickness
of 215mm (1 brick) or greater.
What are solid walls used for?
-generally for strength.
State 3 examples where solid walls would be used.
1 Boundary / garden wall
2 Retaining wall
3 Inspection chambers or manholes
Solid walls can be formed by constructing a series of walls laid in Stretcher Bond,
however unless these ‘skins’ are ‘tied’ together, problems could occur, such
as separation or crushing together, so for strength reasons solid walls are
generally constructed laying the bricks positioned as headers and
stretchers, creating a wide variety of bonds.
Even though each bond has its own name they are all classed as being Quarter
Bonds.
Remember, a half-bat placed at the end of a wall, creates Half Bond. Therefore
what size bat would you need to place in a wall to create Quarter Bond?
A. Quarter bat
The name given to this brick bat is a:
A. Queen Closure

4. QUOIN
HEADER
QUEEN
CLOSURE
COLLAR
JOINT
Bonding arrangement at a Quoin (English Bond)
The 2 most common solid wall bonds are:
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND – consists of alternate courses of
HEADERS and STRETCHERS.
It makes no difference whether you begin the walling by
laying Headers or Stretchers.
Ideally used for walls requiring strength to resist vertical and
lateral stresses.

5. On the elevation below, draw in the bonding arrangement for an
English Bond wall 7 bricks in length.
Use a PENCIL and a RULER
English Bond

6. Plan of course 1
Plan of course 2
Remember - change direction, change bond
QUOIN IN
ENGLISH BOND

7. Plan of course 1
JUNCTION IN
ENGLISH
BOND
Plan of course 2

8. FLEMISH BOND – consists of alternate HEADERS
and STRETCHERS, on the same course.
The same arrangement is created on each course.
Not as ‘strong’ as English Bond but has a more
‘pleasing appearance.
Because bricks vary in length the rear side of an
English bond wall can become very ‘bumpy’
The headers in Flemish bond are dispersed more
giving a ‘smoother’ finish to the rear of the wall.
Because of this it is recommended that Flemish
Bond is used in preference to English Bond for
walls requiring a ‘face’ both sides and where
‘strength’ is not as important.

9. On the elevation below, draw in the bonding
arrangement for Flemish Bond.
Use a PENCIL and a RULER
Flemish Bond

10. If you have bonded this wall correctly you should notice
that the positions of the Stretchers and Headers are
symmetrical. Because of this symmetry Flemish Bond is
ideal for creating ‘patterns’. (Polychromatic and
Photochromatic brickwork)
Decorative patterns can be formed by :
1 Using specially Cut / patterned bricks
2 Using contrasting coloured bricks
3 Use projecting bricks
4 Use contrasting, coloured or different joint finish
Use your pencil and shade in a ‘pattern’ on the front elevation,
above

11. Plan of course 1
Plan of course 2
QUOIN IN
FLEMISH BOND
Stopped end

12. Wall
continues
Wall
continues
Plan of course 1
JUNCTION IN
FLEMISH BOND
Plan of course 2Wall
continues
Wall
continues

13. CALCULATIONS
A half brick thick wall requires 60 bricks for every square
metre.
A one brick thick wall, therefore requires 120 bricks per m ²
WALL THICKNESS BRICKS PER M²
1½ 180
2 240
2½ 300
Sometimes a solid wall, built in either English or Flemish
bond, may only need one ‘fair face’ side – possibly built up
to a garden banking. The Stretcher bricks, used in the rear
of the wall, could be a different brick to the face – possibly a
cheaper brick.
Solid wall bonds can therefore have a different ratio of facing
bricks and common bricks, depending on the bond to be
used. If this ratio is calculated it can affect the cost of the
bricks for a project.
WALL 1 BRICK THICK FACING BRICKS
COMMON
BRICKS TOTAL PER M²
ENGLISH 90 30 120
FLEMISH 80 40 120

14. TASK 1
You have been asked, by a neighbour, to work a price
out for the construction of a wall around their garden.
The wall is to be built in Flemish bond, one brick thick,
15.800m in length and 750mm high.
1.Calculate the cost of the bricks, Old World Rustics,
costing £327.50 per 1,000.
Add 5% for breakage and wastage and also VAT @
17.5%
Use the following page for this task – you must show
all your working out.

15. 2. When you visit the site you notice that due to their
being an existing wall on the adjoining property
only one side of the new wall will be seen.
This now means that you will be able to use
common bricks, instead of facings, to the rear of
the wall. Calculate a revised price for the same
wall, substituting the stretcher bricks to the rear for
concrete commons @ £ 119.00 per 1,000. Add 5%
for breakage and wastage and also VAT @ 17.5%
TASK 2
The wall is to be built in Flemish bond, one brick thick,
15.800m in length and 750mm high
Use the following page for this task – you must show
all your working out.

16. These bonds are a variation of
English Bond and Flemish Bond and not as the
name suggests necessarily to be used for work in
or round gardens.
The 2 main Garden Wall bonds
are :-
ENGLISH GARDEN WALL
FLEMISH GARDEN WALL
GARDEN WALL BONDS

17. English Garden Wall Bond
Draw in the arrangement for this brick bonds, on the
elevation below :-
Describe the arrangement of the bricks for ENGLISH GARDEN WALL

18. Flemish Garden Wall Bond
Draw in the arrangement for this brick bonds, on the
elevation below :-
Describe the arrangement of the bricks for FLEMISH GARDEN WALL

19. These 2 bonds use less headers than English Bond and
Flemish Bond and are therefore a weaker type of
construction.
WALL 1 BRICK
THICK
FACING
BRICKS
COMMON
BRICKS
TOTAL
PER M²
ENGLISH
GARDEN WALL 73 47 120
FLEMISH
GARDEN WALL 67 53 120
Refer to your calculations on Page 12 and produce a price,
for the same wall, using the two Garden Wall Bonds.
YOUR CALCULATIONS

20. Using research techniques find TWO other bonds that can be
used for solid walling.
Show these bonds on the elevations, below :-
BOND

21. Using research techniques find TWO other bonds that can be
used for solid walling.
Show these bonds on the elevations, below :-
BOND

22. PROTECTING SOLID WALLS FROM
DAMAGE BY THE EFFECTS OF THE
WEATHER
Builders are required to minimise the ingress of water
into a wall and any subsequent damage caused
especially from the effects of frost and ice.
Rising damp is prevented by the insertion of a
horizontal damp proof course (D.P.C.), placed ideally
at 150mm above the finished ground level.
The ideal material to use on an external solid wall for a
horizontal D.P.C would be :
2 course of Staffordshire Blue Brick
External walls must also be protected from dampness
from above, such as rain. There are a variety of
methods used to do this, such as :-
Brick on edge (B.O.E)
Coping
Capping

23. A BRICK ON EDGE (B.0.E.)
Bricks for this should be hard-burnt, dense, engineering quality.
An ideal type of this brick would be a: Staffordshire Blue Brick
To minimise the ingress of water, mortar joints must be Solid
A well-constructed B.O.E. will prevent rainwater entering the top of
the wall. However the rainwater will run down the wall and cause
the wall faces to become excessively damp.
To prevent this action, details are formed, such as :-
A TILE CREASING-
consists of 2 courses of roofing tiles (ideally Rosemary tiles),
bedded in mortar, bonded and projecting over both sides of the
walls face.
OVERSAILING COURSE/S-
Same as for Tile Creasing, only using bricks.
Neatly sketch and label end elevations showing the above 2
details.

24. Protecting work from damage
Think about what damage
can be done to your work
and how can you protect it?
Discuss in groups

25. Damage Protection
Damaged cills or features Cover with a hard wearing
material or special cill
covers
Rain Plastic sheeting
Frost Hessian
Mortar Clean working platforms
Dust, muck or mud Sweeping up and hosing
down
Wind Supporting walls using
props, not building too high
and backing all work up.
Accidental Signs to let people know
work is taking place and
barriers.

26. Sketch / label and describe 3 methods to help stop the end brick, on
a B.O.E. being loosened, over time.
METHOD 1 METHOD 2 METHOD 3
DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
DRAWING DRAWING DRAWING
COPINGS-Units designed for the purpose of shedding water from
the top of a wall – an alternative to a B.O.E.
Can be made from :-
A. Concrete Coping
B. Stone Coping
C. Bull nosed Brick
D. Cant Brick

27. Copings can be flat (paving slab) but are more efficient at
shedding water if the upper surface is inclined.
There are 2 distinct shapes used :-
1. SINGLE WEATHERED
2. DOUBLE WEATHERED
Draw and label both types, laid in position on top of a solid
wall.
SINGLE WEATHERED DOUBLE WEATHERED

28. REINFORCED BRICKWORK
Masonry is strong in compression but weak in tension.
The interaction of different materials such as brick, mortar,
renders and settlement of foundations can all induce stresses
in masonry, which can result in cracking. The changes in
weather and temperatures also can have an effect on walling.
Sometimes it may be necessary to design a wall for a specific
purpose e.g. a retaining wall to hold back large amounts of
ground. A cheaper way than just thickening the walls width
could be to insert reinforcement in between the brickwork
courses.
Expamet type brick reinforcement (mesh)

29. Steel Welded Rod type (Bricktor / Brickforce)
Both these types of reinforcement offer an effective
method for resisting both horizontal and vertical stresses
than can be placed on masonry.
Any joints / laps must comply with the manufacturer’s
recommendations - usually 225 mm
WELDED FABRIC

30. QUETTA BOND (also known as Earthquake Bond)
For maximum
efficiency the vertical
reinforcement bars
should be cast into the
concrete foundation
Reinforced Blockwork