Low cost techniques used in composite climate. it covers most of the region of India. Generally consist about the materials and the techniques required in a particular kind of climate and will help you about these materials and daylight plays an important in it.

1. COMPOSITE ZONE

2. AREAS HAVIING
COMPOSITE
CLIMATE HAVE
EXTREMECOLD AND
HOT, FOR EX. – NEW
DELHI

4. WALL
CONSTRUCTIO
N MATERIAL;
COMPACTED EARTH RENDERED WITH COW
DUNG.
STONE MASONRY IN MUD MORTAR.
POLES NDTWIGS PLASTEREDWITH MUD
MORTAR.
ATHIN LAYER OF COW DUNG SLURRY INSIDE
THEWALL CAVITY REDUCES INCOMING HEAT
FLUXTHRUWALLS. BETTRTHAN SOLIDWALLS
AND AIR CAVITY WALLS.

5.  IN CASE OF HOT
DOUBLE ROOFTECHNIQUE PROTECTS MAIN
STRUCTURE FROM SOLAR GAIN
EAVESTO PROTECT FROM GLARE OF SUN
PERGOLASARE USEDTO PROTECT FRONT FAÇADE
FROM HOTNESS
HOLLOW BLOCK CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES
HELPS INTHERMAL INSULATIONOF BUILDINGS.

6.  STRAWTHATCHON POLETIMBERON BAMBOO
SUBSTRUCTURE.
 LOCALLY MADECOUNTRYTILES ONTIMBER
SUBSTRUCTURE
 MANGALORETILES ONTIMBER SUBSTRUCTURE
 WOODEN BEAMSAND BOARDS COVEREDWITH
STRAWAND PROTECTIVE MUD LAYER.
 TIMBER SUBSTRUCTURECARRYING CLAYTILES
COVEREDWITH MUD.

7. DECORATEOF
EXTERNAL
WALL
WOOD PLASTIC
COMPOSITE PANELS
HAVEGOOD HEAT
INSULATIONEFFECT IN
SUMMERSAND HEAT
PRESERVATION
EFFECTS INWINTERS.
IT ISALSO
CHARACTERISEDBY
NO DEFORMATION ,
GOODADAPTATIONTO
CLIMATICCHANGES
,WATER PROOF,DAMP
PROOF, MIDEW PROOF
, INSECT
PRESERVATION,NO
CRACK.

8. LOCALLY
AVAILABLE
MATERIALS
FABRIC
PROVIDES FLEXIBILITYTO USE SLEEPING PODS AS REQUIRED
SLATE
USED FOR ROOFING
PROVIDESWATERPROOFING AND SUFFICIENTTHERMAL MASSTO REDUCE
HEAT LOSSES
METAL
USEDAS SECONDRY FRAMINGTO SUPPORT WALLING PANELS AND
PROVIDES STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY.
WOOD
PRIMARY ROOF FRAMING IS MADE FROM LOCAL WOODTO SUPPORT
ROOFING PANELS.
STONE
BUTRESSES,WALLS ARE MADE FROM LOCALLY AVAILABLE STONETO FORM
CORE STRUCTURE.

9.  TIMBER
AS A CAST AND SUPPORT FOR CONCRETE CASTINGOF BEAMS,
COLUMNS,SLABS, FOUNDATIONS.
BAMBOO

10. EXPOSED BRICK
CONSTRUCTION
EXPOSED
BRICKWORK , BOTH
INSIDEAND
OUTSIDEARE LEFT
UNPLASTERED
ALLOWING BRICKS
TO SHOW
IN SOME BUILDINGS,
ONLY EXTERIOR IS
UNPLASTERED
WHILETHE
INTERIORSARE
PLASTERED.

11. CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES
VENE BLOCKS
TCOLUMNSOFA MOULD MADEOF
TIMBER.THE MOULDSUSEDTO
MAKETHEADOBE BLOCKS RIGHT
WHERETHEWALLS ISTO BE
ERECTED,AND RELIESONA SIMPLE
NON MECHANISED PROCEDURE.
THE MOULD IS PLACEDWHERE
REQUIREDANDTHE EARTH MIXTURE
IS POUREDANDCOMPACTEDWITHIN
THE MOULD.
ONCETHE MOULD IS FILLEDANDALL
EARTHWITHIN COMPACTED,THE
MOULD IS LIFTEDOUTAND MOVED
AHEADTO MAKETHE NEXT BLOCK.
THE SAME PROCESS REPEATED
AGAIN

12. RATTRAP
BOND
BRICKS ARE
USED IN AWAY
WHICH CREATES
A CAVITY WITHIN
THEWALL,
WHILE
MAINTAINING
THE SAME WALL
THICKNESSAS
FOR A
CONVENTIONAL
BRICKWORK.

13. PRETENSIONWALL
WALLS USING BLOCKING
BLOCKS ATTEMPT TO
RESPECT THIS PRESENT
DAY CONTRADICTION
WITHIN RCC.
BY CONTINUOUS HOLES
FOR INSERTING HIGH
TENSION BARS WHICH
ARE PRESTRESSED FROM
THE ENDS.THROUGH THE
SURROUNDING FRAMES.
THUS LOACTING BLOCKS
INTO POSITION.
THE CAVITIES ARE THEN
FILLED WITH RIVER SAND.
THUSTHETENSION IN
THEWALLS CAUSED BY A
HORIZONTAL THRUST
WILL BETAKEN BY STEEL
AND COMPRESSION BY
CONCRETE.

14. FUNICULAR
ROOF
A Funicular Shell is a 3 dimensional catenary on a rectilinear base.The roofing
system consists of doubly curved shells made with materials of good compressive
strength such as waste stone pieces and brick tiles and supported on reinforced
concrete edge beams. A series of these shells in variable geometric configurations
supported on a grid of concrete beams, identical to a coffer slab, provides an
attractive roof for small to medium spans.
Edge BeamThis is a reinforced concrete beam which supports and distributes the
horizontal thrust of the funicular shell.The beam can be conventionally cast along
with the funicular shell. As per the span, the beam is designed for a coffer slab or a
grid of beams. Alternatively, the beam can be partially precast, in which case a pre-
welded reinforcement cage is placed along the grid and cast half.The cage is
fabricated as a truss girder (see overleaf for details) which improves the load bearing
capacity of beam considerably, while simultaneously reducing the beam section.
Funicular ShellThe entire area to be roofed is divided into a grid depending on the
size of the funicular shell required or the size / shape of moulds available.

15.  The rise to span ratio is 1:6, thus the optimal span of
the shell is 3 m though it can span up to 15 m.The
mould is supported between the edge beams.Timber
planks are used to bridge the gap between the edge
of the mould and the edge beam.The shell comprises
of the materials – bricks, stone waste – laid in the
funicular profile topped with cement-sand mortar and
concrete screed. Concrete In-fill After the shells have
been cast, the valley spaces which are formed
between the shells can be filled with light-weight
material like brick jelly lime concrete and finished flat.
The infill will enable the construction of an
intermediate floor which can be used to build above.

16. FUNICULAR
ROOF

17. DAYLIGHT
Emhpasis is laid on providing adequate day-lightning .
Intelligent design of windows for views and for light
reduce the heat gain.
MATERIALS AND APPLIANCES
. Use of local materials and material with is
visible at various places.
. For instance, local stone and construction
materials are used for external cladding,
low – embodied energy.

18. PV SOLAR ROOF
when sunlight hits our
house, it warms our roof and
pushes heat into our home.
Installing solar panels will
block this sunlight from
hitting your roof, thereby
preventing heat from
entering your house.The
researchers found that solar
panels can lower a roof’s
temperature by 5 degrees
Fahrenheit, or about 3
degrees Celsius.

20. INSULATION
Roofs are finished with
broken china mosaic .the
roof construction
sandwich contains 30 mm
thick polyurethane board
insulation above the RCC
slab. For the courtyard
houses , the western wall
of the upper floor, the
cast and west walls of the
courtyard roofs, and the
water tank walls are
insulated using an
innovative construction
sandwich.