This document is a chapter about urban structure and city spaces. It discusses key concepts in urban structure, including spatial patterns in North America like sprawl and central business districts. It also covers the polycentric metropolis and features like edge cities. The chapter addresses problems facing North American cities such as sprawl, poverty, and neighborhood decline. It then discusses the urban structure of European, Islamic, and developing world cities, and considers the future of urban geographies.

1. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12:
City Spaces:
Urban Structure
Chapter 12 Lecture
Katie Pratt
Macalester College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
Figure: Chapter 12 Opener - A street scene in
the Spitalfields district of London.

3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Patterns and Processes (North America)
• Sprawl
• Central cities
• Central business district (CBD)
Table 12.1 Top 10 Influences on the
American Metropolis 1950–2000.
Figure 12.1 The central city.

4. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Patterns and Processes (cont’d)
• Utility
• Accessibility
• Isotropic surface
• Trade-off model
Figure 12.2 Accessibility, bid-rent, and urban structure.
Apply your knowledge: Identify three trade-offs that you have made in your
own living space. How have these affected your access to school, transportation,
and job?

5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Polycentric Metropolis
• Urban realms
• Edge cities
• Nodal centers
• Metroburbia
Figure 12.3 The twentieth-century metropolis.

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The Polycentric Metropolis (cont’d)
Figure 12.4 The new metropolis.
Apply your knowledge: Create a map for your metropolitan area and label
urban realms, major highways, edge cities, secondary business centers, and
neighborhoods.

7. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Polycentric Metropolis (cont’d)
• Gentrification
Figure 12.5 Gentrification in Philadelphia.
Apply your knowledge: Analyze which areas of your city have experienced
gentrification by comparing neighborhood renovations, property value,
income averages, age and ethnicity of inhabitants, and use media sources to
observe how the culture of the community may have changed.

8. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spatial Segregation

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Problems of North American Cities
• Sprawl
• Fiscal squeeze
• Infrastructure
Figure 12.6 Urban sprawl in Albuquerque,
New Mexico.
Figure 12.7 Broken water main in Seattle,
1013.

10. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problems of North American Cities (cont'd)
• Poverty
• Neighborhood decay
• Cycle of poverty
• Ghettos
• Congregation
• Redlining
Figure 12.8 Poverty in the District of Columbia.
Apply your knowledge: Identify fiscal, industrial, or neighborhood problems
in your city or town. List and explain any cycles of poverty or other patterns
you can identify.

11. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Detroit’s Open Geography: Problems and
Potential
Figure 12.B Detroit urban farms.
Figure 12.A Detroit’s urban footprint.

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Detroit’s Open Geography: Problems and
Potential (cont'd)
Figure 12.C Open air markets.

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Urban Design and Planning
• New urbanism
• Smartcode

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European Cities
• Features
– Low skylines
– Lively downtowns
– Neighborhood stability
– Municipal socialism
Figure 12.9 Vigevano, Italy.
Figure 12.10 View from Dresden’s town hall
of the devastated Old Town after allied
bombings in February 1945.

15. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
European Cities (cont’d)
• Design and Planning
– Glacis militare
– Order, safety, and efficiency
– Haussman
– Beaux Arts style
– Modern movement
– Le Corbusier
– International style
Figure 12.11 Castello Sforza, Milan, Italy.

16. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.13 International style.
Figure 12.12 Boulevard des Italiens, Paris.
Apply your knowledge: Find images that best capture the typical features of
European cities.
European Cities (cont’d)

17. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Islamic Cities
• Basic principles
– Personal privacy and
virtue
– Communal well-being
– Inner essence of things
• Jami (principal
mosque)
• Kasbah (citadel)
Figure 12.14 Mosque in Iraq.
Figure 12.15 Bazaar-I Vakil suq in Shiraz, Iran.

18. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Islamic Cities (cont'd)
Figure 12.16 Housing in Tunisia.
Figure 12.17 Traditional wind towers in Iran.
Apply your knowledge: Research an Islamic city that is similar in size to the
community in which you live and list two similarities and two differences
between your own town or city and the Islamic city you have researched.

19. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cities of the Periphery
• Underemployment
• Dualism
Figure 12.18 Mumbai, India. Figure 12.19 Dualism: Slums adjacent
to modern apartment buildings in
Metro, Manila, Philippines.

20. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cities of the Periphery (cont’d)
• The informal economy/sector
• Children
• Positive aspects
Figure 12.20 Street market in Rawalpindi,
Pakistan.
Figure 12.21 Garbage picking in
Bangkok, Thailand.
Apply your knowledge: Identify an informal economic function in your town or city.
List positive and negative effects of the activities involved in this type of economy.

21. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cities of the Periphery (cont'd)
• Slums
• Squatter settlements
• Community organization
– Dharavi
• Slum clearance programs
Figure 12.23 Self-help as a solution to
housing problems in Zambia.
Figure 12.22 Hillside favela, Rio de
Janeiro.

22. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Doha, Qatar
Figure 12.G The Aspire zone.
Figure 12.D Doha waterfront skyline.
Figure 12.E Migrant worker’s
accommodations.
Figure 12.F Pear-Qatar development.

23. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Garment Workers in Dhaka
• Collapse of a factory building in April 2013 that killed
1,129
Figure 12.H Garment workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Apply your knowledge: What responsibility do corporations like H&M, Gap, and
Apple have to workers in developing countries? How connected are the consumers of
these products to the laborers who create them?

24. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cities of the Periphery (cont'd)
• The challenges of growth
– Transportation infrastructure
– Air pollution
Figure 12.24 Delhi, Metro. Figure 12.25 Air pollution in Beijing,
China.
Apply your knowledge: Research a megacity and examine it in terms of the presence
of slum housing, environmental degradation, and infrastructure concerns. What are
the causes of these problems?

25. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Future Geographies
Table 12.2 The 10 most likely influences on the American Metropolis 2000–2050.
Apply your knowledge: Thinking about technological innovations, economic
resources, demographics, and openness to progressive social policies, name one city
in each region, Asia, South America, Eastern Europe and Africa, that you predict
could experience positive growth in the next 20 years, and why.