Outline of the presentation: Introduction to computers, generation of computers, Essentiality of computers & Computer tool in Electronics & Communication Engineering.

1. ESSENTIALITY OF COMPUTER
& COMPUTER TOOL IN
ENGINEERING
Presented by
V.Lavanya,AP/ECE

2. OUTLINE
 Introduction to Computers
 Generation of Computers
 Essentiality of Computers
 Computer Tools in Electronics & Communication
Engineering

3. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
 Computer is a Man-made, Programmable Electronic
device that operates under the control of a set of
Instructions that are stored in its Memory.
 A Computer Accepts data from an Input device and
processes it into useful information which it displays
on its Output device
 A Computer is a collection of Hardware and
Software components that help you accomplish
many different tasks.
 Computer Comes from the word "Compute“.
 Compute means to "Calculate“.
 So Computer is calculating device.
 Perform calculations at enormous speed.
 Computer is device that operates upon
"Data“ or"Information“.
 E.g.: Preparing result, calculations,
transactions, scientific work etc…,

4. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
First
Generation
(Vacuum
Tubes)
Second
Generation
(Transistors)
Third
Generation
( ICs
(Integrated
Circuits))
Fourth
Generation
(VLSI (Very
Large Scale
Integration)
Personal
Computers)
Fifth
Generation
(AI (Artificial
Intelligence))

5. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1951 to 1959
Size : Very Large System
Technology : Vacuum Tubes
Processing : Very Slow
Characterized by:-
Magnetic Drums
Magnetic Tapes
Difficult to program
Used machine language &
assembly language
First Generation Computers

6. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1959 to 1963
Size :Smaller(Compared
to first generation)
Technology : Transistors
Processing : Faster
Characterized by:-
Magnetic Cores
Magnetic Disk
Used high level language
Easier to program
Second Generation Computers

7. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period
Technology
Size
Processing
: 1963 to 1975
: ICs (Integrated Circuits)
Incorporated many transistors & electronic
circuits on a single chip
: Small as compared to 2nd generation computers
: Faster then 2nd generation computers
Characterized by:-
Minicomputers accessible
by multiple users from
remote terminals.
IC (Integrated Circuit)

8. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period
Technology
Size
Processing
: 1975 to Today
: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)Incorporated
many millions of transistors & electronic circuits on
a single chip
: Small as compared to third generation computer
: Faster then third generation computer
Characterized by:
The personal computer and user
friendly micro-programs, very fast
processor chip high level language,
OOP(Object Oriented Programming)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

9. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period
Technology
: Future Technology
: AI (Artificial Intelligence) Thinking Power High
Fifth Generation Computer
AI (Artificial Intelligence)

10. ESSENTIALITY OF COMPUTERS
Characteristic
of Computers
Speed
Diligence
Power of
Rememberi
ng &
Reliability
Versatility
Accuracy
Automatic

11. ESSENTIALITY OF COMPUTERS COND….
SPEED:
 A Computer is a very fast Devices its can Perform is
in few seconds.
 Work done as enormous speed as compare to
human beings
 Computer is measured in terms of Milli seconds
(10-3), Micro Seconds (10-6), Nano- Seconds (10-9),
and Even the Pico Seconds (10-12).
ACCURACY:
Computer work with the highest Accuracy.
 Accuracy depends upon the “Design of
Computer”
Error can Occur in a Computer mainly due to
human the technical weakness.
Human Errors are like wrong command,
inaccurate data input etc

12. ESSENTIALITY OF COMPUTERS COND….
DILIGENCE:
 Unlike human beings a computer is free from monotony,
tiredness and lack of concentrate.
 It can continuously work and without creating any Errors.
 It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
VERSATILITY:
 Computers are versatile machines and are capable
of performing any task as long as it can be broken
down into a series of logical steps.
 The presence of computers can be seen in almost
every sphere – Railway/Air reservation, Banks,
Hotels, Weather forecasting and many more.

13. ESSENTIALITY OF COMPUTERS COND….
POWER OF REMEMBERING & RELIABILITY:
 Unlike human being Computer can store tremendous/huge
amount of data.
 Can recall required data even stored years before in no
time.
 Doesn't differentiate “Important” & “NotImportant”.
 Loss or Deletion of data is done by User & Reduce the
man power and space requirements and also have Greater
efficiency
AUTOMATIC:
 A Computer Machine is set to be automatic.
 Computers are automatic machine because ones started
all jobs they carry a job until the jobs is finished
normal without any assists.
 It works by itself without human intervention but
Whoever Computer being machine it Perform only the
activities that it is instructed by the user.

14. COMPUTER TOOLS IN ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SOME OF THE VLSI SIMULATION SOFTWARE:
 XILINX ISE
 CADENCE
 TANNER
 MICROWIND

15. COND….,
XILINX ISE:
 Xilinx ISE(Integrated Synthesis Environment) is a software tool
produced by Xilinx for synthesis and analysis of HDL designs,
enabling the developer to synthesize("compile") their designs,
perform timing analysis, examine RTL diagrams, simulate a
design's reaction to different stimuli, and configure the target
device with the programmer.
 Xilinx ISE is a design environment for FPGA products from
Xilinx, and is tightly-coupled to the architecture of chips.
CADENCE:
Cadence software used to design chips and printed circuit
boards, as well as intellectual properties (IP) covering a
broad range of areas, including interfaces, memory, analog,
SoC peripherals, data plane processing units, and verification.
 It also have hardware for emulation and FPGA prototyping.

16. COND….,
TANNER:
 Tanner tool is the power of its complete IC design flow,
including schematic capture, analog simulation,
physical layout and verification.
 A complete analog/mixed-signal IC physical design
environment that is flexible and highly configurable.
MICROWIND:
It is integrated EDA software encompassing IC designing tool.
MICROWIND integrates traditionally separated front-end and
back-end chip design into one flow, accelerating the design cycle
and reduces design complexities.
It tightly integrates mixed-signal implementation with
digital implementation, circuit simulation, transistor-level
extraction and verification.

17. COMPUTER TOOLS IN ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SOME OF THE RF & MICROWAVE SIMULATION
SOFTWARE:
 ADS
 HFSS
 CST
 FEKO

18. COND….,
ADS(ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM):
 Advanced Design System (ADS) is an electronic design
automation software system produced by Keysight
Technologies.
 It provides an integrated design environment to designers
of RF electronic products such as mobile phones, pagers,
wireless networks, satellite communications, radar
systems, and high-speed data links.
HFSS(HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURAL
SIMULATOR):
HFSS is a commercial finite element method solver for
electromagnetic structures from Ansys.
HFSS is one of several commercial tools used
for antenna design and the design of complex RF electronic
circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and
packaging.

19. COND….,
CST (COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY):
 CST offer accurate, efficient computational solutions
for electromagnetic design and analysis.
 CST 3D EM simulation software is user-friendly and enables you
to choose the most appropriate method for the design and
optimization of devices operating in a wide range of frequencies.
FEKO(FEldberechnung für Körper mit beliebiger Oberfläche)
This software is based on the Method of Moments (MoM) integral
formulation of Maxwell's equations.
FEKO is a comprehensive computational electromagnetic (CEM)
software used widely in the telecommunications, automobile,
aerospace and defense industries.
It is used for design EM problems, including antennas, micro strip
circuits, RF components and biomedical systems.
Used for the placement of antennas on electrically large structures,
the calculation of scattering as well as the investigation of
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

20. COMPUTER TOOLS IN ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SOME OF THE EMBEDDED & OTHER SIMULATION
SOFTWARE:
 PROTEUS DESIGN SUITE
 MPLAB
 ORCAD
 MATLAB
 SPICE
 LABVIEW

21. COND….,
PROTEUS DESIGN SUITE:
 It is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily
for electronic design automation.
 The software is used mainly by electronic design
engineers and technicians to create schematics and
electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards.
MPLAB
MPLAB is an integrated development environment from
Microchip technology.
It is a software that runs on your personal computer and is
needed to create program for your PIC(Peripheral Interface
Controller) microcontroller.
It helps in editing, debugging and programming of microchip
microcontroller that you use in your embedded system.

22. COND….,
ORCAD:
 It is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily
for electronic design automation (EDA).
 The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
electronic technicians to create electronic schematics and
electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
MATLAB:
It provides you with an environment where you can solve all of your
computational problems.
You can work with matrices, graphs, vectors, functions, arrays,
plots etc. You can make algorithms. Also you can create user
interfaces.
With Matlab, you can also interface programs written in other
programming languages.
Matlab comes with additional software, Simulink that enables you to
create simulation.
It is really a helpful tool for embedded software developers, as you
can work on sensors data, plot it and see response by changing
certain variables.

23. COND….,
PSPICE(PERSONAL SIMULATION PROGRAM
WITH INTEGRATED CIRCUIT EMPHASIS):
 SPICE stands for Simulation Program for Integrated Circuits
Emphasis, and PSpice is its version for personal computers.
 PSpice is simulation software that is used for simulating circuits.
 It helps in analyzing electronic circuitry, verifying circuit
designs and predicting their behavior.
 It has a number of libraries for digital and analog components.
LABVIEW:
LabVIEW stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument
Engineering Workbench. This software is also used for viewing
output.
The main functions that can be performed using LabVIEW
are data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument
control.
This software is basically for visual programming language.

24. COMPUTER TOOLS IN ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SOME OF THE NETWORKING SIMULATION SOFTWARE:
 NS2
 NS3
 OPNET
 NETSIM

25. COND….,
NS2(NETWORK SIMULATOR 2):
 It is an open-source event-driven simulator designed
specifically for research in computer communication
networks.
Features of NS2
 It is a discrete event simulator for networking research.
 It provides substantial support to simulate bunch of
protocols like TCP, FTP, UDP, https and DSR.
 It simulates wired and wireless network.
NS3(NETWORK SIMULATOR 3):
NS-3 is a discrete-event network simulator, targeted primarily for
research and educational use.
The ns-3 simulation core supports research on both IP and non-IP
based networks.
However, the large majority of its users focuses on wireless/IP
simulations which involve models for Wi-Fi, WiMAX, or LTE for
layers 1 and 2 and a variety of static or dynamic routing
protocols for IP-based applications.

26. COND….,
OPNET:
 A suite of protocols and technologies to design, model,
and analyze communication networks.
 Network-based APM to monitor end-user experience,
web transaction analysis, and network performance
to fix application performance issues faster.
NETSIM:
NetSim is a leading network simulation software for
protocol modeling and simulation, network R&D and
defence applications.
It allows you to analyze computer networks with
unmatched depth, power and flexibility.
Log packet traces that reports parameters such as arrival
time, queuing time, payload, overhead, error etc for every
packet as it flows through the network.