Lecture slides for PSY-2 Ch01: Structure & Function

1. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

2. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
NEURONS:
• Basic info-processing unit of
the nervous systems
GLIAL CELLS:
• Support the neurons

3. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neuron Structure
1. DENDRITES: receive info
1. CELL BODY: integrates inputs
1. AXON: takes info to its destination
1. AXON TERMINAL: passes info onward

4. • AXON HILLOCK:
– where cell body meets axon
– converts inputs into electrical signals that travels the axon
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

5. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neurons have different functions:
1. MOTOR NEURONS: stimulate
muscles (EFFERENT)
1. SENSORY NEURONS: respond
to physical stimuli (AFFERENT)
1. INTERNEURONS: receive input
from and send input to other
neurons

6. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

7. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neurons have different shapes
1. MULTIPOLAR NEURONS: one
axon, many dendrites
1. BIPOLAR NEURONS: one
axon, one dendrite
1. UNIPOLAR NEURONS: a single
branch forms an input & an
output zone

8. Figure 2.4 Synapses (Part 1)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

9. Figure 2.4 Synapses (Part 2)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

10. SYNAPSE: junction between two
neurons
1. PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
axon terminal of the sending
neuron
2. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
dendrite of the receiving
neuron
3. SYNAPTIC CLEFT: tiny gap
between neurons
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

11. • NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT):
chemical messengers released
into the synaptic cleft
• SYNAPTIC VESICLES: contain NT
• NEUROTRANSMITTER
RECEPTORS: proteins that react
to NT
• DENDRITIC SPINES: stud on
the dendrite surface
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

12. Figure 2.4 Synapses (Part 1)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

13. Figure 2.4 Synapses (Part 2)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS

14. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
• AXONAL TRANSPORT: two-way movement of materials within an
axon

16. Figure 2.5 Glial Cells (Part 1)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Types of Glial Cells
MYELIN: layer of fatty insulation
surrounding axons
• OLIGODENDROCYTES: in the
CNS
• SCHWANN CELLS: in the PNS
• NODES OF RANVIER: gaps
between sections of myelin

17. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Types of Glial Cells
• ASTROCYTES: stretch
between neurons and
blood vessels; form the
blood-brain barrier
• MICROGLIAL CELLS:
remove debris from
injured cells

18. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

19. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

21. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
GROSS NEUROANATOMY: features of
the nervous system visible to the
naked eye
– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS): encased in bone; brain
and spinal cord
– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS): everything else

22. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
CNS PNS
A bundle of
axons
Tract Nerve
A cluster of cell
bodies
Nucleus Ganglion

23. • The PNS has three components:
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
1. CRANIAL NERVES:
connected to the brain

24. • The PNS has three components:
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
2. SPINAL NERVES: connected
to the spinal cord

25. • The PNS has three components:
3. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: controls
glands and internal organs
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY

26. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
1. SYMPATHETIC: prepares
the body for immediate
action
“Fight-or-Flight”

27. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION:
helps the body relax, recuperate,
& prepare for future action
“REST-&-DIGEST”
“BREED-&-FEED”

28. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

29. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
GROSS NEUROANATOMY: features
of the nervous system visible to
the naked eye
– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS): encased in bone; brain
and spinal cord
– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS): everything else

30. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

31. • CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE: one
half of the outer forebrain
• CEREBRAL CORTEX: outer
covering of the hemispheres
• GYRUS: ridge
• SULCUS: groove, AKA fissure
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain

32. Figure 2.10 The Human Brain Has
Four Distinct Lobes
• FRONTAL
• PARIETAL
• OCCIPITAL
• TEMPORAL
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain

33. Figure 2.11 Gray Matter, White Matter
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
CORPUS CALLOSUM: bundle of
axons that connects the
hemispheres
Colors of Brain Tissue
• WHITE MATTER
• GRAY MATTER

34. BASAL GANGLIA:
• group of nuclei deep within
the cortex
• important in motor control
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain

35. LIMBIC SYSTEM:
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
● AMYGDALA: emotion & odor
● HIPPOCAMPUS & FORNIX:
learning & memory
● CINGULATE GYRUS:
attention
● OLFACTORY BULB: sense of
smell

36. LIMBIC SYSTEM:
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
● THALAMUS: relays sensory
information
● HYPOTHALAMUS: motivated
behavior, hormone release

37. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

38. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Midbrain
TECTUM: midbrain sensory
systems:
● SUPERIOR COLLICULI:
visual info
● INFERIOR COLLICULI:
auditory info

39. Midbrain motor systems:
• SUBSTANTIA NIGRA: part
of the basal ganglia
Other midbrain systems:
• RETICULAR FORMATION:
sleep, temperature,
movement
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Midbrain

40. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

41. ● CEREBELLUM: motor
coordination & learning
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Hindbrain
● PONS: sensory & motor
nuclei
● MEDULLA: connects brain
to spinal cord; essential
tasks

42. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

43. BRAIN SUPPORT SYSTEMS
MENINGES: protective membranes surrounding the CNS
• DURA MATER: outer layer
• PIA MATER: inner layer
• ARACHNOID MATER: middle layer; filled with cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)

44. VENTRICULAR SYSTEM: chambers filled with CSF
• LATERAL VENTRICLE: extends into all four lobes in each hemisphere;
lined with CHOROID PLEXUS, a membrane that produces CSF
• THIRD VENTRICLE:
located at the midline
• FOURTH VENTRICLE:
CSF exits to circulate
over the brain and
spinal cord
BRAIN SUPPORT SYSTEMS

45. BRAIN SUPPORT SYSTEMS

46. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

47. BRAIN-IMAGING
COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY
(CAT OR CT):
• Measures of X-ray absorption at
several positions around the head
• Generates an anatomical map of
the brain based on tissue density

48. BRAIN-IMAGING
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI):
• Strong magnets cause protons
in brain tissue to line up in
parallel
• A pulse of radio waves knocks
protons over
• Protons reconfigure themselves,
emitting radio waves that differ
by tissue density

49. BRAIN-IMAGING
FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI):
• Detects small changes in brain
metabolism, such as oxygen use, in
active brain areas
• fMRI can show how networks of
brain structures collaborate

50. BRAIN-IMAGING
POSITRON EMISSION
TOMOGRAPHY (PET):
• Injects radioactive chemicals
into the bloodstream & maps
their destination
• Identifies which brain regions
contribute to specific functions

51. BRAIN-IMAGING
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC
STIMULATION (TMS): briefly
stimulates discrete cortical
regions and tracks changes in
behavior

52. BRAIN-
IMAGING
• MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAP
HY (MEG):
• Records magnetic fields
created by electric activity
within the brain
• Measures the time course of
activity

53. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods

54. RESEARCH METHODS IN BIO PSYCH
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55. CORRELATION:
a measure of the
degree of
association
between two
variables
56

56. POSITIVE CORRELATION:
the variables move in the
same direction
↑↑
or
↓↓
↓↑
or
↓↑
57
NEGATIVE CORRELATION:
the variables move in
opposite directions

57. Correlation DOES NOT imply
causation.
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58. HYPOTHESIS:
Attending a
weekly yoga
class will reduce
stress in adults
59

59. EXPERIMENT:
the researcher manipulates one variable
and measures changes in another variable
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
• Manipulated
• Used to create groups
• The CAUSE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
• Measured
• The outcome
• The EFFECT
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60. RESEARCH METHODS IN BIO PSYCH
61

61. SOMATIC
INTERVENTION:
changing a body
structure or function
and looking for
changes in behavior
62

62. RESEARCH METHODS IN BIO PSYCH
63

63. BEHAVIORAL
INTERVENTION:
changing a behavior
and looking for
changes in body
structure or function
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64. RESEARCH METHODS IN BIO PSYCH
65

65. RESEARCH METHODS IN
BIO PSYCH
WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN:
• each participant is tested at all levels
of the IV
• each group is made up of the same
participants
BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN:
• participants are tested at only one
level of the IV
• each group is made up of different
participants
66

66. BIO PSYCH RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
1. Systematic descriptions of behavior
2. Evolution
3. Life-span development
4. Biological mechanisms
5. Applications
67

67. LEVELS OF
ANALYSIS:
the scale or
scope of a
research
study
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