This document discusses different states of consciousness including consciousness and biological rhythms, sleep and dreams, and psychoactive drugs. It describes how biological clocks like the circadian rhythm and melatonin regulate sleep-wake cycles. There are different stages of sleep including REM sleep where most dreams occur. Reasons for sleep include recovery, memory consolidation, and energy conservation. Psychoactive drugs like stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants, and opiates can alter consciousness by interacting with neurotransmitters in the brain. Addiction develops when drug use continues despite negative consequences.

1. States of Consciousness
➔ Consciousness & Rhythms
➔ Sleep & Dreams
➔ Psychoactive Drugs

2. Consciousness & Rhythms
CONSCIOUSNESS: your individual awareness of your
unique thoughts, feelings, sensations, and
environments

3. Consciousness & Rhythms
• BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS: internal cycles of biological
activity
• CIRCADIAN: 24-hour
cycles

4. Consciousness & Rhythms
• HOMEOSTASIS:
maintaining a
balance or optimal
level within a
biological system
• SUPRACHIASMATIC
NUCLEUS (SCN): the
biological clock
located in the
hypothalamus

5. Consciousness & Rhythms
MELATONIN:
• Released by the pineal
gland
• Regulates biological
rhythms
• Darkness increases
release

6. Sleep
6
Age Sleep
Needed
0-3 mos 12-18 hrs
3 mos - 1 14-15 hrs
1-3 12-14 hrs
3-5 11-13 hrs
5-10 10-11 hrs
10-18 8-10 hrs
18 + 7-9 hrs
Why do we sleep?

7. Sleep

8. Consciousness & Rhythms

9. Consciousness & Rhythms

10. States of Consciousness
➔ Consciousness & Rhythms
➔ Sleep & Dreams
➔ Psychoactive Drugs

11. STAGE 1
• Less brain activity
• 2-5% of sleep
• Sensory experiences
STAGE 2
• Sleep spindles
• Inhibition of incoming sensory
info
• 45 – 55% of sleep
STAGE 3
• Slow wave sleep
• Difficult to wake
• 13 – 23 % of sleep
11
Sleep

12. 12
REM SLEEP: Rapid Eye
Movement
• 80% recall dreams if
woken during REM
• Motor cortex is active,
but blocked
• Paradoxical: externally
calm, internally
aroused
• 20-25% of sleep
Sleep

13. 13
Sleep

14. WHY DO WE SLEEP?
1. Adaptive Function
• Protection
• Energy Conservation
2. Recovery & Growth
3. Cognitive Function
• Memory
• Creativity
14
Sleep

15. 15
SLEEP DISORDERS
•INSOMNIA: Chronic problems getting enough sleep
•PARASOMNIA: unwanted, disruptive motor activity
during sleep
• Sleepwalking
• Restless Leg Syndrome
• Night Terrors
Sleep

16. 16
SLEEP DISORDERS
•NARCOLEPSY: Sudden, irresistible onset of sleep during
normal waking periods
•SLEEP APNEA: Frequent,
reflexive gasping for air
that awakens the person
and disrupts sleep
Sleep

17. 17
Sleep
SLEEP DISORDERS
•SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS): an infant
stops breathing during sleep and dies

18. WHAT DO WE DREAM ABOUT?
•Visual
•Often boring
•Self-centered
•Negative
WHEN DO WE DREAM?
•Stage 1 & 2: 70 – 75%
•Stage 3 & 4: 50%
•REM: 80%
18
Top 15 Dreams in College Students
1 Being chased
2 Sexual Experience
3 Falling
4 School, teachers, studying
5 Being late
6 Verge of falling
7 Trying again & again
8 Someone dying
9 Flying or soaring
10 Vividly sensing a presence
11 Failing an exam
12 Physically attacked
13 Frozen with fright
14 A person now dead is alive
15 Being a child again
Sleep

19. 19
WHY DO WE DREAM?
•PSYCHOANALYTIC DREAM THEORY: dreams are a way to
resolve unconscious drives and wishes
•MANIFEST CONTENT: storyline of dream
•LATENT CONTENT: symbolic meaning of dream
Sleep

20. 20
WHY DO WE DREAM?
•THREAT-SIMULATION THEORY:
•We to role-play threatening events in our dreams
•Dreams = practice the mental processes needed to detect and
avoid threats
•EXPECTATION-FULFILLMENT THEORY:
•We experience uncomfortable emotional arousals during the day
•Dreams are metaphors that allow us to deal with the arousal
while sleeping
Sleep

21. 21
WHY DO WE DREAM?
•ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY:
•Electrical brain impulses pull up random thoughts and images
•We create a dream story when we wake up to make sense of the
random firing
•CONTINUAL-ACTIVATION THEORY: dreams may help us
sift, sort, and fix events from the previous day in our
memory
Sleep

22. States of Consciousness
➔ Consciousness & Rhythms
➔ Sleep & Dreams
➔ Psychoactive Drugs

23. STIMULANTS: increase both mental processes
and physical activity
•Cocaine
•Methamphetamines
•Agonists for dopamine
Psychoactive Drugs

24. HALLUCINOGENS: affect perceptual experiences
and evoke sensory images even without sensory
input
•MDMA (ecstasy)
•THC
•PCP
•Some are agonists for serotonin
Psychoactive Drugs

25. DEPRESSANTS: decrease both mental
processes and physical activity
•Alcohol
•Xanax, Valium, Ativan
• Agonists for GABA
Psychoactive Drugs

26. Opiates: a type of depressant
•Heroin
•Morphine
•Codeine
•Agonists for endorphins
Psychoactive Drugs

27. •SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER: compulsive drug
craving and use, despite negative
consequences
• Physiological
• Psychological
•TOLERANCE: physical effect of addiction; the
need to take larger doses of a drug to
experience its effects
Psychoactive Drugs

28. •WITHDRAWAL: physical and psychological
effects after discontinuing use of an addictive
drug (anxiety, tension, and cravings)
5-10% of drug users become addicted
Psychoactive Drugs

29. Bruce Alexander – Rat Park
Psychoactive Drugs

30. Bruce Alexander
– Rat Park
Psychoactive
Drugs