Physiology & Injuries in Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Š Physiological factors determining components of physical fitness Š Effect of exercise on Muscular System Š Effect of exercise on Cardio-Respiratory System Š Sports injuries: Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries -Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain; Bone & Joint Injuries - Dislocation, Fractures - Green Stick, Comminuted, Transverse Oblique & Impacted)

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE COMPONENTS OF
PHYSICAL FITNESS
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING STRENGTH
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING ENDURANCE
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING SPEED
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING FLEXIBILITY

2. Size of the Muscle
Body Weight
Muscle Composition
Intensity of the Never Impulse
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING STRENGTH

3. SIZE OF THE MUSCLE
• The Strength of the muscle largely depends
upon the size of the muscle.
• The bigger and larger muscles can produce
more force.
• With the help of different methods of
strength training such as weight training,
the size of the muscle can be increased and
thereby strength is improved. So the
strength is determined by the size of the
muscle.

4. Body Weight
• It is also a well-know fact that the
individuals who are heavier are generally
stronger than the individuals who are
heavier are generally stronger than the
individuals who are lighter.
• There is a positive correlation between
body weight and strength among
international weightlifters.
• The heavier weightlifters lift heavier
weights.

5. MUSCLE COMPOSITION
Fast Twitch (white fibres) The fast twitch fibres
are capable of contract faster and therefore
they can produce more force.
Slow Twitch (Red Fibres) fibres are not
capable of contracting faster although they
are capable of contracting for a longer
duration.

6. INTENSITY OF THE NERVE IMPULSE
A muscle is composed of a number of motor units. The total
force of the muscle depends on the number of contracting
motor units.
Whenever a stronger nerve impulse from central nervous
system excite more number of motor units, muscle will
contract more strongly or it can be said that the muscle will
produce more force or strength.

7. MOBILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
MUSCLE COMPOSITION
EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH
FLEXIBILITY
BIO-CHEMICAL RESERVES AND METABOLIC POWER
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING SPEED

8. MOBILITY OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Our muscles contract and relax at the
maximum possible speed as seen in
sprinting events.
• This rapid contraction and relaxation of
muscles is made possible by rapid
excitation and inhibition of the concerned
motor centres. This called the mobility of
the nervous system.

9. EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH
Explosive strength further depends on muscle composition,
muscle size and muscle coordination. It also depends on the
metabolic process.
Except muscle composition, the remaining factors can be
improved through training which in turn will improve the
speed to a limited extent.
This implies that top sprinters have more percentage of fast
twitch fibres, whereas, endurance athletes have more
percentage of slow twitch fibres (red fibres)

10. FLEXIBILITY : Also determines the
speed to a certain extent. In fact,
good flexibility allows maximum
range of movement without
much internal resistance.
Flexibility also enables complete
utilisation of explosive strength.

11. BIO-CHEMICAL RESERVES AND
METABOLIC POWER
•For Maximum speed performance, the
muscles require more amount of
energy at a very high rate of
consumption.
•For this purpose, the PHOSPHAGAN
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) and
CREATINE PHOSPHATE (CP) stores In
the muscles should be enough.

12. •If ATP and CP store is less in
contracting muscles, the muscle
contraction due to insufficient
energy supply become slow after a
short time.
•The energy supply also depends on
certain enzymes which increase the
metabolic power

13. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
ENDURANCE
AEROBIC CAPACITY
LACTIC ACID TOLERANCE
MOVEMENT ECONOMY
MUSCLE COMPOSITION

14. AEROBIC CAPACITY
To Perform an activity continuously,
energy is required by the presence of
oxygen.
Therefore, the ability of the organism to
maintain adequate supply of 02 to the
working muscles (i.e., aerobic capacity)
for energy liberation is important for
endurance performance.

15. AEROBIC
CAPACITY
OXYGEN
INTAKE
OXYGEN
TRANSPORT
OXYGEN
UPTAKE
ENERGY
RESERVES

16. LACTIC ACID TOLERANCE
• The Ability to tolerate higher
concentration of lactic acid is a
significant factor in determining
anaerobic capacity.
• The lactic acid tolerance is important
for activities that lasts for about 40
seconds or more.
• The lactic acid tolerance capacity can
be improved through training.

17. MOVEMENT ECONOMY
Movements are significant for endurance
performance.
A good technique in endurance sports can
save energy. Ex. In swimming 20%-30% of
the energy can be saved if the movement
are correct.
For economy in movements, good runners
set their centre of gravity less high, so that
unnecessary movement are reduced.

18. MUSCLE COMPOSITION
•The slow twitch fibres are best
used for aerobic activities or
Endurance activities.
•The elite Marathoners have been
reported to have greater than
90% slow twitch fibres in their
leg muscles.

19. FLEXIBILITY
MUSCLE
STRENGTH
JOINT
STRUCTURE
AGE AND
GENDER
STRETCHABILITY
OF MUSCLES
INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
PREVIOUS
INJURY

20. MUSCLE STRENGTH
The muscles should have a minimum level of
strength to make the movement possible
specially against gravity or external force.
In sprinting running the legs or knees cannot
be lifted to the required height or angle if the
related muscles (abdominal muscles) are weak.

21. JOINT STRUCTURE
In human body, many different types of joints
are there. Some the joints intrinsically have a
greater range of motion than others.
The ball and socket joint of the shoulder has
the greatest range of motion in comparison to
the knee joint.

22. GENDER AND AGE
Gender and age also determines the flexibility.
Females tend to be more flexible than males.
As a matter of fact that flexibility decreases
with the advancement of age. It is trainable. It
can be enhanced with the help of training as
strength and endurance are enhanced.

23. STRETCH ABILITY OF MUSCLES
This factor is also limiting the range of movements.
For making any movement at a joint the muscle
must contract to execute the movement..
If muscles are not regularly stretched, they tend to
get shorter and finally lead to restrict the range of
movement possible at a joint. The stretch ability of
muscles is trainable up to some extent.

24. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Internal environment of the athlete influences
the flexibility. For example, 10 minutes in a
warm bath increased body temperature and
flexibility whereas, 10 minutes stay outside in
10°C reduces body temperature and flexibility

25. EFFECTS
OF
EXERCISE
ON
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
• Change in Shape and size of Muscle
• Controls Extra Fat
• Delays Fatigue
• Change in the connective Tissue
• Improves Reaction Time
• Increase in Supply of Blood
• Effects on bones and joints
• Increase in the Strength of Muscle

26. CHANGE IN SIZE AND SHAPE OF MUSCLE
• Regular exercise helps in enlarging cells of
muscles which in turn helps in changing
size and shape of muscles.
INCREASE IN THE STRENGTH OF MUSCLES
• A person who does exercise daily has stronger
muscles and such muscles work more. These
become stronger by getting more nutritious
food in the form of oxygen.

27. DELAYS FATIGUE
• Regular exercise increases the muscles capacity and
thus less lactic acid is produced by the muscles. When
formation of lactic acid in muscles decreases in that
case fatigue also decreases. Thus, muscles can work
for long time and with greater efficiency.
CONTROLS EXTRA FAT
• Regular exercise controls the extra fat of the body.
Exercise burn the extra calories deposited in the form
of fat.

28. CHANGE IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• The Connective tissue, which connects fibres,
becomes powerful. These tissues can bear
stress of strenuous activity and can be
extended up to some degree.
INCREASE IN SUPPLY OF BLOOD
• Muscles get chemical substances like
glycogenephoscor atine, potassium, etc. by
doing regular exercise. These chemical
substances increase the speed of blood.

29. EFFECTS ON BONES AND JOINTS
• By doing exercise our bones become hard
and they can work for more time. It also
have effects on our joints. Thus, the bones
and muscles become strong by doing
exercise.
• Children’s bones happen to be very soft and
fragile. Activities of muscles effect these a
lot. By the lack of these the bones remain
soft and deformity take place in them.

30. IMPROVES REACTION TIME
•As a result of regular exercise, the
speed of nerve impulses increases
which ultimately improves the
reaction time.
•These nerve impulses move very
quickly through motor nerves from
nervous system to muscles fibre.

31. SHORT TERM EFFECTS
• Increase in heart rate
• Increase in stroke volume
• Increasing in cardiac output
• Increase in blood flow
• Increase in Blood Pressure
LONG TERM EFFECTS
• Increase in the size of the heart
• Decrease in resting heart rate
• Increase of stroke volume in rest
• Decrease of blood pressure
• Increase in blood volume
• Quicker recovery rate
• Reduced risk of heart diseases
EFFECTS OF EXERCISES ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

32. INCREASE IN HEART RATE : Generally the resting heart rate
of an adult remains at 72 beats per minute. Basically,
before exercise, the heart rate begins to increase, which is
called ‘anticipatory response’. During vigorous exercise, the
heart rate increases as per the intensity and duration of the
exercise.
INCREASE IN BLOOD FLOW : The cardiovascular system can
redistributed more blood to those tissues which have
immediate demand and less blood to those tissues which
have less demand for oxygen.

33. INCREASE IN STROKE VOLUME
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per beat
from the heart. Stroke volume increases proportionally
with exercise intensity.
In untrained individuals the stroke volume at rest
remains at 50 to 70 ml beat. The stroke volume of
experienced athletes at rest remains at 90 to 110
ml/beat. It increases up 150 to 220 ml/beat during
intensive exercise.

34. INCREASING IN
CARDIAC OUTPUT
Cardiac output is the amount of blood
pumped by the heart in one minute.
It is the product of stroke volume and heart
rate (SV × HR = CO).
At rest, the cardiac output is about 5L/min.
During intense exercise, this can increase up
to 20-40 L/min.

35. INCREASE
IN
BLOOD
PRESSURE
• At the rest, the systolic blood pressure of a healthy
individual ranges from 110-140 mm Hg and
diastolic blood pressure ranges 60-90 mm Hg.
• During exercise the systolic blood pressure can
increase to over 200mm Hg. The diastolic pressure
on the other land remains unchanged irrespective
of exercise intensity.

36. LONG TERM EFFECTS
INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THE HEART
When you perform regular exercise the
muscles of the heart increase in size and
strength. In fact, the left ventricle adapts to
the greatest extent. The walls of heart grow
stronger and thicker.

37. DECREASE IN RESTING HEART RATE : Regular
exercise decreases the resting heart rate.
Eventually, the heart becomes more efficient
and no longer needs to beat as quickly to
supply the body with blood while at rest.
INCREASE OF STROKE VOLUME IN REST : The
resting heart rate is able to slow down because
the heart is now trained to pump a larger
quantity of blood every beat.

38. DECREASE OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• Regular exercise decreases the blood pressure. Thus, it
decreases the chances of hypertension and other diseases
due to increase in blood pressure.
INCREASE IN BLOOD VOLUME
• During heavy exercises, the body produces a greater
number of red blood cells to keep the muscles supplied
with oxygen.
• In fact, there is an increase in plasma volume which
enhances the blood volume.

39. QUICKER RECOVERY RATE
Regular exercise quickens the recovery
rate. A trained athlete’s heart rate
becomes normal earlier in comparison to
a beginner. So, the recovery becomes fast.

40. REDUCED RISK OF HEART DISEASES
• Regular exercise gradually reduces stress-
related hormones from circulating in the
blood.
• This increases the blood vessel path, which
in turn lowers the risk for the build up of
plaque that can lead to coronary heart
diseases. Hence, exercises reduce the risk
of heart diseases.

41. SPORTS INJURIES
These injuries may occur
in teens for a variety of
reasons, including
improper training, lack
of appropriate footwear
or safety equipment and
rapid growth during
puberty.

42. SOFT
TISSUE
INJURIES
BONE
INJURIES
JOINT
INJURIES
SPORTS INJURIES

43. TYPES OF
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
ABRASION
CONTUSION
LACERATION
STRAIN
SPRAIN
INCISION

44. CONTUSION
• Contusion is a muscle injury. A direct hit with or without
any sports equipment can be the reason of contusion.
Contusion is common in boxing, wrestling and kabaddi.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Swelling and pain on
the contused part.
Stiffness over the
area
Discoloration under
skin. This starts from
redness to turning blue
or black gradually.

45. TREATMENT
Apply a compression of ice or lint soaked in equal
parts of spirit and water at the time of injury.
Continue ice massage three to four times a day.
After three days, apply heat instead of ice massage
and massage gently to reduce swelling.
For the purpose of rehabilitation, the flexibility
exercises should be performed carefully.

46. STRAIN
• It is muscles injury. This injury causes tearing or over
stretching of muscle fibres. Mostly sudden over
stretching in athletics cause tearing of quadriceps
gymnastics, weight lifting, track and field.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Swelling in the area.
Pain in moving the
body part such as
arm or leg
Loss of strength in
movement

47. TREATMENT
The injured limb should be kept in a comfortable position.
Cold compression should be used immediately for 20 to 30 minutes.
Direct application of ice is not recommended. The ice pieces should be
wrapped in cotton or cloth.
If pain still persists, some painkiller may be given to the injured player.
The injured person should be elevated.
After 5 days warm water should be applied.
If many muscles or organs are damaged, a doctor should be consulted
immediately.

48. SPRAIN
• It Is A Ligament Injury. It May Occur Due To
Overstretching Or Tearing Of Ligament. Generally, Sprain
Occurs At Wrist Joint And Ankle Joint. In Such Injury,
Swelling, Inflammation, Severe Pain And Tenderness Are
Common Symptoms.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Swelling on the
spot.
Acute pain at
the injured
spot
Softness at the
spot and pain on
touching.

49. TREATMENT
Don’t move the injured part and go for medical
advice.
In mild sprain apply ice compression 3 to 4 times a
day for three days and cover the After three days
apply heat.
Light massage should be performed.
In case of ankle sprain, ‘8’ type bandage should be
tightened.
If pain still persists painkiller should be given to the
injured person.

50. ABRASION
• Abrasion is a superficial injury of skin. Abrasion occurs due
to friction with certain equipment or fall over the area where
the bone is very close to skin. It occurs to the upper part of
the skin. Such injuries occur in sports like Wrestling,
Football, Cricket, Hockey and track and field, etc.
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Scraping of skin with some
burning pain.
Some bleeding or oozing
at the abrasion spot.

51. TREATMENT
Wash affected area with soap and warm water.
The injured part should be dressed up if
abrasion is severe. Dressing should not be done
Anti-tetanus injection should be given as early
as possible.
If there is severe pain, painkiller may be given.

52. CRAMP
• Cramp is inability of muscles to contract
properly causing severe pain over affected
part. In other words, this is unbalance
contraction of muscles.
• The causes of the cramp are due to over
straining (without rest), loss of body water by
sweating; physical activity during sickness,
loss or lack of body slots or minerals, not
performing proper warm-up, etc.

53. TREATMENT
Complete rest to the affected individual.
Drink sufficient water (preferably salty or
juices) during prolonged activity.
Massage over affected part after sometime.
If pain is more, apply ice or cold compression
for some duration.
Preventing overexertion of muscles in
excessive hot or cold climate.

54. LACERATION
• A injury that cause an irregular cut on
skin is called laceration. This cut takes
the form of wound. Laceration may
have bleeding and mild pain.
• Deep Laceration usually have severe
bleeding and pain. Tear in skin,
bleeding, wounds, etc. are the
symptoms of laceration.

55. TREATMENT
Try to stop bleeding by compression.
Clean the wound with water.
Apply Band-Aid on the wound.
Repeat dressing of the wound.
In case of severe injury take medical help.

56. INCISION
•Incision tend to heal sooner than
laceration. Incision are cut on
skin with sharp edges which can
bleed freely. Usually this cuts are
made from sharp cutting object
such as broken glass.

57. TREATMENT
Clean the cut with iodine tincture, so that germ
may be removed from the wound.
Bandage the cut with the help of cotton and
Band-Aid.
In case of excessive bleeding bandage the cut
tightly and if necessary, visit the doctor
immediately.

58. BONE
INJURIES
(DISLOCATION,
FRACTURE)
•Bone injury is a serious injury and
it is very painful. If bone injury is
not handled properly, it may lead
to permanent disability thus, to
he handled by an expert Doctor.

59. FRACTURE
•Fracture is a broken or cracked bone
mainly caused by terrible force due to
accidents. It is caused due to direct or
indirect impact, collision, falls,
accidents etc. in different sports.

60. Simple Fracture
1
Compound or open
fracture
1
Green Stick
Fracture
Comminuted
Fracture
Impacted
Fracture
Complicated
Fracture
Stress Fracture
Transverse
Fracture
Oblige bone
fracture
TYPE OF FRACTURE

61. SIMPLE FRACTURE
• The fracture without any wound is called
simple fracture.
COMPOUND OR OPEN FRACTURE
• In this fracture there is cut over the skin by
the sharp edges of broken bone or by
external object along with broken bones.
• Generally, the broken bone comes out
through the skin by tearing it.

62. GREEN STICK FRACTURE : These fractures
are commonly seen in children because
their bone are very soft and delicate
whenever there is any stress on the bone
or it is bent.
COMMINUTED FRACTURE : When a bone is
broken up into many small pieces. It is
called comminuted fracture. Such type of
fracture is possible in cycle race or motor
cycle race.

63. IMPACTED FRACTURE
• The broken bone is driven into another
bone. It is called impacted fracture.
COMPLICATED FRACTURE
• Bone is crushed, moreover, the delicate organs like
brain, heart, liver, kidney nerves, blood vessels, etc.
are damaged by it. These types of fractures are
complicated and dangerous. Such fractures are
common in high jump and pole vault.

64. STRESS FRACTURE : It is small crack in
bone. It can caused due to overuse of a
stretch activities. That is why what it is
common in athletes and runners.
OBLIGE BONE FRACTURE : These are
slanted fractures that occur when a
force is applied at any angle other than
a right angle on bone.

65. TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
It is a fracture that occurs in the
spinal bone. It is severely painful.
Medical help is necessary to
rectify this injury. Sometime even
a surgery or an operation may be
required to treat this fracture.

66. Severe Pain
Swelling
Numbness
Tenderness
Bruising
SYMPTOMS
The affected parts
are painful and can’t
be moved easily.

67. TREATMENT
The mobility of damaged fragments of bone should be
prevented by using splints, slings and bandage.
Try to locate the fracture by touching very gently.
If there is a compound fracture neither use any antiseptic nor
wash the wound. At that time, use the dry and disinfectant
bandages.

68. TREATMENT con.,
Careful and comfortable transportation of injured should be planned
to the hospital to seek medical treatment.
In the case of fractures, with appreciable displacement, the
immobilization is done after a satisfactory corrective reduction.
Immobilization is done by using plaster of Paris casts.
If there is fracture in femur, anesthetics should be given to the
injured athlete and the affected should be immobilized.

69. JOINT INJURIES
• Dislocation of a joints is a main injury. Intact, it is
a dislocation of surface of bones. When the
bones displaced from its original position, it’s
called dislocation. Dislocation is main injuries of
joints
SYMPTOMS
Intense pain, total loss of functioning, swelling of the joints,
tenderness, may be temporary paralysis of the injured limb, etc.

70. Treatment
All movements of the patient should
be restricted to prevent complications.
Ice packs could help relative pain, or
to reduce the inflammatory swelling.
Patient must be rushed the hospital to
seek medical treatment.

71. Dislocation of lower Jaw
• Generally, it occurs when the chin strikes to any other object. It
may also occur if mouth is opened excessively.
Dislocation of Shoulder Joint
• Dislocation of shoulder joint may occur due to sudden jerk or a
fall on hard surface. The end of the humerus comes out from the
socket.
Dislocation of Hip Joint
• By putting maximum strength spontaneously may cause
dislocating of hip joint. The end of the femur is displaced from
the socket.

72. Prevention
Adequate warm-up should be performed prior to any physical activity.
Proper conditioning should be done in preparatory period.
Protective equipment’s should be used as per requirement of the game/sport.
Always obey the rules and regulations.
The affected limb should be immobilized immediately by bandages. You
should not try to adjust the dislocated limb.
The victim should be taken to hospital promptly on a stretcher.

73. PROPER WARMING
• Proper warm-up is essential for the sportspersons before taking part in
training or sports competition.
BALANCED DIET
• Balanced diet is necessary for all the players or athletes because the lack
of essential minerals and vitamins like calcium, phosphorus and vitamin
‘D’, etc. make bones weak.
USE OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT'S
• The best way to prevent from sports injuries, the use of protective
equipment is essential
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

74. Use of proper Technique
• The sportsperson should learn the proper technique of sports
or games from a qualified coach or trainer so that the risk of
getting injuries may be reduced.
Obeying the rules
• The athletes or players should obey the rules of games/sports
properly so that the sports injuries can be prevented up to
some extent.
Proper knowledge of sports skills
• If a player has deep knowledge of sports skills and is efficient
completely in performing those skills you can prevent injuries
up to some extent.

75. PROPER CONDITIONING : It is a fact that many injuries are
caused by weak muscles which are not ready to meet the
demand of your sports or games. So, for getting proper
muscular strength, proper conditioning of your body is
essential. Weight training and circuit training methods are
important methods of proper conditioning.
PROPER SPORTS FACILITIES: In fact, sports injuries can be
prevented, if good quality of sports equipment’s and proper
sports grounds are available for practice and competition. If
playground are maintained properly, the chances of getting
injury on the playground will be reduced.

76. UNBIASED OFFICIATING
• Good officiating is also essential in preventing sports
injuries during a match. If the officials of the match
are biased, there may be more chances of indiscipline
among players which may further lead to injuries.
PROPER COOLING DOWN
• Cooling down should be proper. At least for 5 to 10 minutes
light aerobic activity such as slow running or jogging should be
performed. After that stretching exercises should be done for
five minutes. Proper cooling down helps in removing the waste
products like lactic acid, etc.

77. TIPS
FOR
PREVENTING
SPORTS
INJURIES
Avoid training when you are tired.
Any increase in training load should be preceded by an increase in
strengthening.
If you experience pain during training period. Stop your training session
immediately.
Pay attention to hydration and nutrition.
Equipment should be appropriate and safe to use.
Allow lots of time for warming up and cooling off.
Carbohydrate during periods of heavy training
Increase in training should be matched with increase in resting.

78. TIPS
FOR
PREVENTING
SPORTS
INJURIES
Treat even seemingly minor injuries very carefully to prevent them
becoming a big problem.
Training and competition areas should be clear of hazards. .
Introduce new activities very gradually.
Check overtraining and competition courses beforehand.
Stay away from infectious areas when training or competing very hard.
Be extremely fussy about hygiene in hot weather.
Have regular hot massage.
Never train hard if you are stiff from the previous effort.

79. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
TREATMENT
Apply a compression of ice or lint soaked in equal parts
of spirit and water at the time of injury.
Continue ice massage three to four times a day
After three days, apply heat instead of ice massage and
massage gently to reduce swelling.
For the purpose of rehabilitation, the flexibility exercises
should be performed carefully.

80. STRAIN TREATMENT
The injured limb should be kept in a comfortable position.
Cold compression should be used immediately for 20 to 30 minutes. Direct
application of ice is not recommended.
If pain still persists, some painkiller may be given to the injured player.
The injured person should be elevated.
After 5 days warm water should be applied.
If many muscles or organs are damaged, a doctor should be consulted
immediately.

81. SPRAIN TREATMENT
Don’t move the injured part and go for medical advice.
In mild sprain apply ice compression 3 to 4 times a day for three
days and cover the injured area.
After three days apply heat.
Light massage should be performed.
In case of ankle sprain, ‘8’ type bandage should be tightened.
If pain still persists painkiller should be given to the injured
person.

82. ABRASION TREATMENT
Wash the affected area with soap and warm water.
The injured part should be dressed up if abrasion
is severe. Dressing should not be done
Anti-tetanus injection should be given as early as
possible.
If there is a severe pain, painkiller may be given.