Branch of LInguistics: Semantics

1. ENTAILMENT OF TRUTH CONDITIONS

2. ENTAILMENT
• The relation between two sentences is called entailment.
• If S1 is true then S2 is definitely true.
• But if S2 is true its not necessary that S1 is true.
• It is symbolized as ││─ .
Example:
S1: Everyone pass the examination.
S2: No one failed the examination.
Here S1 ││─ S2.

3. ORDERED ENTAILMENT:
• Entailment is not a pragmatic concept ( i.e. having to do with a speaker meaning) , but it is
considered purely a logical concept.
Example :
• Ali ate three sandwiches.
Entailment:
1. Someone ate three sandwiches.
2. Ali did something to three sandwiches.
3. Ali ate three of something.
4. Something happened.

4. BACKGROUND ENTAILMET
• In it in uttering the sentence the is necessarily committed to the truth of very large number.
• In others words in this entailment there’s a lot of truth.
• It’s a logical concept of entailment.
Example
• Ali ate three sandwiches.
Entailment:
1. Someone ate three sandwiches.
2. Ali did something to three sandwiches.
3. Ali ate three of something.
4. Something happened.
These are background entailments.

5. FOREGROUND ENTAILMENT
• The speaker can communicate, usually by means of stress, more important for interpreting
intended meaning than any others.
• In other words, it is defined by stress, is more important for interpreting the intended meaning.
Example
1. Ali ate three sandwiches.
2. Ali ate three sandwiches.
3. Ali ate three sandwiches.
4. Ali ate three sandwiches.

6. ENTAILMENT OF TRUTH CONDITIONS
Truth Conditionally Related
• Either S1 ││─ S2 OR S2 ││─ S1
Examples
S1: Aneeqa has a re bag.
S2: Aneeqa has a bag.
S1: Aqsa wears the blue dress.
S2: Aqsa wears the dress.
S1: Amara is speaking.
S2: Amara is speaking English.

7. Truth Conditionally Unrelated
• Neither S1 ││─ S2 NOR S2 ││─ S1
Examples
S1: Aneeqa is eating food.
S2: Faiza has a pen.
S1: Areeba making a noice.
S2: this is my pen.

8. Truth Conditionally Equivalent
• Both S1 ││─ S2 AND S2 ││─ S1
Examples
S1: Amara send a message to Alia.
S2:Alia receive a message from Amara.
S1: Areeba catch a ball.
S2: A ball cathced by Rabia.

9. Truth Conditionally Contradict
• S1 contradict S2
Examples
S1: Warda is eating at 10 PM.
S2: Warda is reading at 10 PM.
S1: There are books n the table.
S2: There are books on the shelves .