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Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PLUG AND PLAY LANGUAGE MODELS:
A SIMPLE APPROACH TO CONTROLLED TEXT GENERATION
2020.10.12
정규열
Artificial Intelligence Lab
Kyonggi Univiersity
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
Index
 도입 배경
 접근 기반
 PPLM
 Bag of word
 DISCRIMINATOR
 hyperparameters 설정 가이드
 수행 결과들
 결론
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
도입 배경
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
도입 배경
 Transformer 기반의 모델로 인해 Text Generation이 발달함
 대규모의 Text 처리를 가능하게 되었다.
 그러나 모델이 이미 학습이 되었을 때 Attribute를 제어하기 힘들다.
 특정 Attribute에 학습 되어 있는 문제를 다른 Attribute로 제어를 해야한다.
 이를 위하여 일반적으로 모델의 변형이나, 하이퍼 파라미터 등의 튜닝이 더 필요하
다.
간단하게 Attribute를 제어하는 기법(PPLM)을 제안한다.
해당 소스 코드 : https://github.com/uber-research/PPLM
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
도입 배경
 예시
 Input이 부정적임
The food is awful The staff are rude and lazy. The food disgusting…
𝑝(𝑥)
기존 모델 :
제안 모델 : The food is awful But there is also the music, the story and the magic…
𝑝 𝑥 𝑎)
긍정의 방향
Input은 부정적이나 그 이후는 긍정으로 바꾸고 싶
다!
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
접근 기반
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
접근 기반
 Computer Vison에 적용된 PPGN(Plug & Play Generative Networks)에 영감을 얻어
접근함.r
 Controllable generation : 𝑝(x | a)
 X : 생성된 샘플, a : 목표로 하는 Attribute
 Generative model : 𝑝(x)
 조건에 맞는 생성을 하기 어렵다!
 Discriminator를 추가하였다. -> 𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x)
가능도(likelihood)
사전 분포 (prior distribution)
사후 분포(posterior)
Hyper parameter를 이용하여 가능도를 조절한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
접근 기반
 정리
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 PPLM의 핵심 포인트들!
 Transformer를 이용한 언어 모델
 Generation을 목적에 맞게 제어함(Steering Generation)
 생성 언어의 유창성을 보증함(Ensuring Fluency)
 업데이트 방향
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 Transformer를 이용한 언어 모델
 이전 단어들 순서를 입력 받아 다음 단어 예측함
 Transformer 기반의 언어 모델
 Query, key, Value를 이용하는 Attention 기법을 통해 다음 단어를 예측한다.
 Query : 바로 이전 단어 + 현재 포지션 값
 Key , value : 이전에 나온 모든 단어들!
History 정보
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 Generation을 목적에 맞게 제어함(Steering Generation) : Latent updates
𝛼 값을 적절히 세팅 해야 한다.
매 스텝 마다 진행하면 안되고 처음 20 스텝만 이 과정을 진행한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 Steering Generation
 α 값에 따른 결과 비교
 0.0001 : 첫 문장이 과학과 관련이 없다.
 0.001 : 감자의 사용처 등 과학과 관련 없는 내용이
대부분이다.
 0.005 : 마찬가지로 과학과 관련 없는 문장이다
 0.01 : 감자에 관련 과학적인 연구 결과를 서술하였다.
dk 값이 증가 할 수록 과학에 맞는 서술 함을 알 수 있다.
만약 α 계속 커지면 어떻게 될까?
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 α 값에 따른 결과 비교
 0.02 ~ 0.04 : 이런 경우도 과학과 관련 있
는 서술을 하였다.
 그러나 그 이상은 완전 엉뚱한 결과를 서
술한다.
따라서 적절한α 값을 설정해야 한다. !
α -> 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 정도로 설정!
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 Latent updates횟수에 따른 결과
 적당한 α 값을 설정하여도 매 스
텝마다 Latent update를 수행하면
오히려 문장이 퇴화한다.
매 스텝 처음 20 스텝
매 스텝 마다 진행하면 안되고 처음 20 스텝만 이 과정을 진행한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 생성 언어의 유창성을 보증함(Ensuring Fluency)
 KL-Divergence
 업데이트 전 후로 생성된 결과의 분포가 최소화 되도록 함.
 𝜆𝐾𝐿이 0.01 일 때 최적이었다.
 Post-norm Geometric Mean Fusion
 학습에 영향은 없다
 업데이트 전후의 결과 기반으로 산출된 다음 단어의 확률을 적절히 조합한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
PPLM
 업데이트 방향
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
BAG OF WORD
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
Bag of word
 단어 가방을 뜻한다.
 ex)
 Fantasy/Magic
 beast, Cerberus, demon, dragon, fairy, Frankenstein, ghost, Godzilla, giant, horror, hydra, imp,
monster, mummy, ogre, orc, savage, spirit, sprite, titan, troll, undead, unicorn, vampire, witch,
zombie
 Space
 planet, galaxy, space, universe, orbit, spacecraft, earth, moon, comet, star, astronaut, aerospace,
asteroid, spaceship, starship, galactic, satellite, meteor
 𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x)
단어 가방의 모든 단어들에 대한 분포를 이용한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
Bag of word
 다음과 같이 설정 가능하다.
 Science를 적용한다.
 Science와 legal를 적용한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
DISCRIMINATOR
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
DISCRIMINATOR
 Bag of word 대신에 레이어 1개의 신경망으로 사용한다.
 𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x)
 이 신경망의 경우 data set을 이용하여 따로 학습을 진행한다.
 단 기존 GPT-2 모델은 건드리지 않는다.
신경망으로 사용!
0 1 2 3 4
positive negative very positive very negative neutral
SST-5 Data set
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
HYPERPARAMETERS 설정 가이드
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
hyperparameters 설정 가이드
 hyperparameters 설정 가이드
 반복되는 문구가 자주 등장하는 경우
 (For e.g. "science science experiment experiment")
 α 값을 감소 시킨다.
 KL_scale을 증가 시킨다.
 방법에 따른 설정 가이드
결국 최적의 조합을
찾아야 한다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 story generation
설정한 문구에 맞게 story가 생성 되었다.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 다수의 Bag of word 인 경우
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 동일 Bag of word일때 접두어별 대응
막상 해석을 해보면 어색한 부분이 많다
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 직접 수행해본 결과
 Korean Air – legal
 교정 전
 Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass" to
its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean Air
flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport, New
York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to all
Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a limited
time, and will be available for a limited time only.
 교정 후
 Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a free flight to the United States for all
passengers who have booked a ticket for the upcoming Korean Air KIA World Tour. The free
flight will be available from the beginning of April, and will be available to all passengers
who have booked a ticket for the Korean Air KIA World Tour
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 직접 수행해본 결과
 Korean Air – science
 교정 전
 Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass" to
its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean Air
flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport, New
York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to all
Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a limited
time, and will be available for a limited time only.
 교정 후
 Korean Air is planning to launch a new service in the coming months, which will allow
passengers to book flights from Seoul to other cities in South Korea. The service, called
"Korean Air Express," will allow passengers to book flights from Seoul to other cities in
South Korea, including Seoul, Busan, and Gwangju. The service will be launched in the
coming months, according to a statement from Korean Air. The service will be available
from the beginning of the year, …..
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
수행 결과들
 직접 수행해본 결과
 Korean Air – Positive words
 교정 전
 Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass"
to its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean
Air flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport,
New York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to
all Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a
limited time, and will be available for a limited time only.
 교정 후
 Korean Air is the only airline in the world that offers free Wi-Fi on all flights. The airline
has been offering free Wi-Fi on all flights since the beginning of its service in 2012. The
Wi-Fi is available on all seats, including the first class cabin.
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
결론
Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab.
결론
 기존의 GPT-2 모델을 이용하여 원하는 방향으로 문장 생성이 가능하다
 Latent update를 통하여 조절 가능하다.
 또한 Fluency도 개선 하였다.
 단 일부 하이퍼 파라미터를 적절한 값으로 설정 해야 한다.
 Latent update를 처음 20스텝 정도만 진행한다.
 α -> 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 정도로 설정하여 사용한다.
 bag of word 혹은 DISCRIMINATOR중 상황에 맞는 방법을 사용해야 한다.
 bag of word의 경우 원리는 간단 하나 많은 단어를 넣어야 한다.
 DISCRIMINATOR의 경우는 학습에 소요시간이 크지만 성능은 bag of word 보다 좋은 편이다.

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plug and play language models a simple approach to controlled text generation

  • 1. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PLUG AND PLAY LANGUAGE MODELS: A SIMPLE APPROACH TO CONTROLLED TEXT GENERATION 2020.10.12 정규열 Artificial Intelligence Lab Kyonggi Univiersity
  • 2. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. Index  도입 배경  접근 기반  PPLM  Bag of word  DISCRIMINATOR  hyperparameters 설정 가이드  수행 결과들  결론
  • 3. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 도입 배경
  • 4. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 도입 배경  Transformer 기반의 모델로 인해 Text Generation이 발달함  대규모의 Text 처리를 가능하게 되었다.  그러나 모델이 이미 학습이 되었을 때 Attribute를 제어하기 힘들다.  특정 Attribute에 학습 되어 있는 문제를 다른 Attribute로 제어를 해야한다.  이를 위하여 일반적으로 모델의 변형이나, 하이퍼 파라미터 등의 튜닝이 더 필요하 다. 간단하게 Attribute를 제어하는 기법(PPLM)을 제안한다. 해당 소스 코드 : https://github.com/uber-research/PPLM
  • 5. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 도입 배경  예시  Input이 부정적임 The food is awful The staff are rude and lazy. The food disgusting… 𝑝(𝑥) 기존 모델 : 제안 모델 : The food is awful But there is also the music, the story and the magic… 𝑝 𝑥 𝑎) 긍정의 방향 Input은 부정적이나 그 이후는 긍정으로 바꾸고 싶 다!
  • 6. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 접근 기반
  • 7. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 접근 기반  Computer Vison에 적용된 PPGN(Plug & Play Generative Networks)에 영감을 얻어 접근함.r  Controllable generation : 𝑝(x | a)  X : 생성된 샘플, a : 목표로 하는 Attribute  Generative model : 𝑝(x)  조건에 맞는 생성을 하기 어렵다!  Discriminator를 추가하였다. -> 𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x) 가능도(likelihood) 사전 분포 (prior distribution) 사후 분포(posterior) Hyper parameter를 이용하여 가능도를 조절한다.
  • 8. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 접근 기반  정리
  • 9. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM
  • 10. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  PPLM의 핵심 포인트들!  Transformer를 이용한 언어 모델  Generation을 목적에 맞게 제어함(Steering Generation)  생성 언어의 유창성을 보증함(Ensuring Fluency)  업데이트 방향
  • 11. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  Transformer를 이용한 언어 모델  이전 단어들 순서를 입력 받아 다음 단어 예측함  Transformer 기반의 언어 모델  Query, key, Value를 이용하는 Attention 기법을 통해 다음 단어를 예측한다.  Query : 바로 이전 단어 + 현재 포지션 값  Key , value : 이전에 나온 모든 단어들! History 정보
  • 12. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  Generation을 목적에 맞게 제어함(Steering Generation) : Latent updates 𝛼 값을 적절히 세팅 해야 한다. 매 스텝 마다 진행하면 안되고 처음 20 스텝만 이 과정을 진행한다.
  • 13. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  Steering Generation  α 값에 따른 결과 비교  0.0001 : 첫 문장이 과학과 관련이 없다.  0.001 : 감자의 사용처 등 과학과 관련 없는 내용이 대부분이다.  0.005 : 마찬가지로 과학과 관련 없는 문장이다  0.01 : 감자에 관련 과학적인 연구 결과를 서술하였다. dk 값이 증가 할 수록 과학에 맞는 서술 함을 알 수 있다. 만약 α 계속 커지면 어떻게 될까?
  • 14. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  α 값에 따른 결과 비교  0.02 ~ 0.04 : 이런 경우도 과학과 관련 있 는 서술을 하였다.  그러나 그 이상은 완전 엉뚱한 결과를 서 술한다. 따라서 적절한α 값을 설정해야 한다. ! α -> 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 정도로 설정!
  • 15. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  Latent updates횟수에 따른 결과  적당한 α 값을 설정하여도 매 스 텝마다 Latent update를 수행하면 오히려 문장이 퇴화한다. 매 스텝 처음 20 스텝 매 스텝 마다 진행하면 안되고 처음 20 스텝만 이 과정을 진행한다.
  • 16. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  생성 언어의 유창성을 보증함(Ensuring Fluency)  KL-Divergence  업데이트 전 후로 생성된 결과의 분포가 최소화 되도록 함.  𝜆𝐾𝐿이 0.01 일 때 최적이었다.  Post-norm Geometric Mean Fusion  학습에 영향은 없다  업데이트 전후의 결과 기반으로 산출된 다음 단어의 확률을 적절히 조합한다.
  • 17. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. PPLM  업데이트 방향
  • 18. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. BAG OF WORD
  • 19. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. Bag of word  단어 가방을 뜻한다.  ex)  Fantasy/Magic  beast, Cerberus, demon, dragon, fairy, Frankenstein, ghost, Godzilla, giant, horror, hydra, imp, monster, mummy, ogre, orc, savage, spirit, sprite, titan, troll, undead, unicorn, vampire, witch, zombie  Space  planet, galaxy, space, universe, orbit, spacecraft, earth, moon, comet, star, astronaut, aerospace, asteroid, spaceship, starship, galactic, satellite, meteor  𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x) 단어 가방의 모든 단어들에 대한 분포를 이용한다.
  • 20. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. Bag of word  다음과 같이 설정 가능하다.  Science를 적용한다.  Science와 legal를 적용한다.
  • 21. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. DISCRIMINATOR
  • 22. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. DISCRIMINATOR  Bag of word 대신에 레이어 1개의 신경망으로 사용한다.  𝑝(x | a) ∝ 𝑝(a | x) 𝑝(x)  이 신경망의 경우 data set을 이용하여 따로 학습을 진행한다.  단 기존 GPT-2 모델은 건드리지 않는다. 신경망으로 사용! 0 1 2 3 4 positive negative very positive very negative neutral SST-5 Data set
  • 23. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. HYPERPARAMETERS 설정 가이드
  • 24. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. hyperparameters 설정 가이드  hyperparameters 설정 가이드  반복되는 문구가 자주 등장하는 경우  (For e.g. "science science experiment experiment")  α 값을 감소 시킨다.  KL_scale을 증가 시킨다.  방법에 따른 설정 가이드 결국 최적의 조합을 찾아야 한다.
  • 25. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들
  • 26. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  story generation 설정한 문구에 맞게 story가 생성 되었다.
  • 27. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  다수의 Bag of word 인 경우
  • 28. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  동일 Bag of word일때 접두어별 대응 막상 해석을 해보면 어색한 부분이 많다
  • 29. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  직접 수행해본 결과  Korean Air – legal  교정 전  Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass" to its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean Air flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport, New York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to all Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a limited time, and will be available for a limited time only.  교정 후  Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a free flight to the United States for all passengers who have booked a ticket for the upcoming Korean Air KIA World Tour. The free flight will be available from the beginning of April, and will be available to all passengers who have booked a ticket for the Korean Air KIA World Tour
  • 30. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  직접 수행해본 결과  Korean Air – science  교정 전  Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass" to its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean Air flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport, New York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to all Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a limited time, and will be available for a limited time only.  교정 후  Korean Air is planning to launch a new service in the coming months, which will allow passengers to book flights from Seoul to other cities in South Korea. The service, called "Korean Air Express," will allow passengers to book flights from Seoul to other cities in South Korea, including Seoul, Busan, and Gwangju. The service will be launched in the coming months, according to a statement from Korean Air. The service will be available from the beginning of the year, …..
  • 31. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 수행 결과들  직접 수행해본 결과  Korean Air – Positive words  교정 전  Korean Air has announced that it will be offering a new service called "Korean Air Pass" to its customers starting in January. The service will allow customers to fly on Korean Air flights from any airport in the world, including Los Angeles International Airport, New York's JFK Airport, and London's Heathrow Airport. The service will be available to all Korean Air customers who have a Korean Air Pass. The service will be available for a limited time, and will be available for a limited time only.  교정 후  Korean Air is the only airline in the world that offers free Wi-Fi on all flights. The airline has been offering free Wi-Fi on all flights since the beginning of its service in 2012. The Wi-Fi is available on all seats, including the first class cabin.
  • 32. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 결론
  • 33. Kyonggi Univ. AI Lab. 결론  기존의 GPT-2 모델을 이용하여 원하는 방향으로 문장 생성이 가능하다  Latent update를 통하여 조절 가능하다.  또한 Fluency도 개선 하였다.  단 일부 하이퍼 파라미터를 적절한 값으로 설정 해야 한다.  Latent update를 처음 20스텝 정도만 진행한다.  α -> 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 정도로 설정하여 사용한다.  bag of word 혹은 DISCRIMINATOR중 상황에 맞는 방법을 사용해야 한다.  bag of word의 경우 원리는 간단 하나 많은 단어를 넣어야 한다.  DISCRIMINATOR의 경우는 학습에 소요시간이 크지만 성능은 bag of word 보다 좋은 편이다.