2. ETYMOLOGY
The word phonology comes from
Ancient Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, "voice,
sound," and the suffix -logy (which is
from Greek λόγος, lógos, "word,
speech, subject of discussion").
3. HISTORY
In 300 BC, Panini was the first person to
study phonology. He created a grammar (a
set of language rules) for Sanskrit (an
ancient Indian language). He also created a
list of the phonemes in Sanskrit. He assigned
a symbol to represent each phoneme. The
symbols are still used today in phonology.
4. HISTORY
The first person to use the word "phoneme" was
the French linguist Dufriche-Desgenettes. In the
1800s, Jan Baudoin gave the definition of phoneme
that is uses today.
Soon afterward, Baudouin de Courtenay began
the study of phonology.and worked on the theory of
phonetic alternations, which predicts changes in the
sounds of a language.
5. PHONOLOGY
It is the study of the sound patterns
that occur within languages.
It studies how these sounds combine
and how they change in combination, as
well as which sounds can contrast to
produce differences in meaning.
6. Phonology tells us what sounds are in a
language, how they do and can combine into
words, and explains why certain phonetic features
are important to identifying a word.
• For example,the English plural morpheme has three
different pronunciations depending on what noun you
attach it to:
– It gets pronounced as a [z] for words like
cab, bag, and bar
– It gets pronounced as [s] for words like
cap, back, and faith
– It gets pronounced as [əz] for words like
bus, garage, and match
7.
8. Sound Symbolism
It refers to the apparent association
between particular sound sequences and
particular meanings in speech. Also
known as sound-meaningfulness and
phonetic symbolism.
10. Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like the
noise it describes. The spelling and pronunciation
of that word is directly influenced by the sound it
defines in real life. All onomatopoeia words
describe specific sounds.
Examples:
The buzzing bee flew away.
The sack fell into the river with a splash.
He looked at the roaring tiger.
11.
12. Assimilation
A common phonological process by which the
sound of the ending of one word blends into the
sound of the beginning of the following word. This
occurs when the parts of the mouth and vocal cords
start to form the beginning sounds of the next word
before the last sound has been completed.
An example of this would be 'hot potato'. The (t) in
'hot' is dropped as the lips prepare for the (p) sound
for 'potato’ .
13.
14. Allusion
An allusion is a reference or mention of person,
event, statement, piece of art, history, myths,
religion, or popular culture. The reference is
usually indirect within the writing. Since the
person, place, or thing is not mentioned directly, it
is assumed that the reader already has knowledge
of what is being referenced.
Therefore, an allusion is when a piece of writing
tries to hint at a person, place, thing, literature, or
art.
15.
16.
17. Alliteration
A literary device in which a series of words
begin with the same consonant sound. It's used to
emphasize something important that a writer or
speaker would like to express.
18.
19. Stress
The relative emphasis that may be given to
certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a
phrase or sentence. In English, stressed syllables
are louder than non-stressed syllables. Also, they
are longer and have a higher pitch.
20.
21. Rhythm
The sense of movement in speech, which is
marked by stress, timing and quantity of syllables.
Spoken English words with two or more syllables
have different stress and length patterns.
The rhythm of English is based on the contrast
of stressed and unstressed syllables in regular
intervals, with the stresses falling within content
words.
22. The Rhythm Rule
The stressed syllables of the sentence create
beats.
25. Falling Intonation
This is when the pitch of the voice falls at the
end of a sentence.
We commonly use them in statements,
commands, WH-questions, confirmatory question
tags, and exclamations.
26. Rising Intonation
This is when the pitch of the voice rises at the
end of the sentence.
It is commonly used in yes or no questions, and
question tags that show uncertainty.
