2. MOTIVATION
• A reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular
way.
• Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social and
cognitive forces that activate behavior.
• The term motivation refers to factors that activate,
direct, and sustain goal directed behavior. Motives are
the ways of behavior the needs or wants that drive
behavior and explain what we do.
4. HUNGER AND EATING
• Hunger is now known to be regulated on a short term
basis by two cluster of cells (called nuclei) in
hypothalamus of the brain, the ventromedial
hypothalamic (VMH) and the lateral hypothalamic (LH)
nuclei.
• Hunger doe snot only physiological causes it also have
psychological causes.
• Harvard biologist Daniel explains when we are happy or
in stress ins spite of full stomach we feel hunger.
5. HUNGER AND EATING (CONT..)
• Eating is the ingestion of food typically to provide a
heterotrophic organism with energy and to allow for
growth.
7. WHAT IS OBESITY??
• The state of being grossly fat or over weight.
• DIFF B/W OBESITY AND OVER WEIGHT
• An adult who has BMI of 25 to 29.9 is over weight
• An adult who has BMI of 30 or higher is obese
• Example . Body builders
9. PERCENTAGE OF OBESITY
• According to a survey hultz at al. (2015) 39 persons out
of 100 are victim of obesity in uk.
• Around the world the 23% of population is obese.
10. WHAT IS DIETING???
• Restrict one self to small amounts or special kinds of
food in order to lose weight ( on special diet )
• Diet and exercise are known to play a valuable role in
the treatment and prevention of obesity and associated
disorders such as hypertension, heart disease and
diabetes.
11. HORMONAL OBESITY THEORY
• It is also known as the biological theory of obesity or
biochemical theory.
• This theory proposed the high intake of energy and low
expenditure of that energy can cause obesity.
• High protein fiber > increased
• Fatting carbohydrates ___> insulin ___> obesity
• cortisol
• sugar insulin resistance
• ( fructose )
12. METABOLISM AND ABSORPTION
• Nutrient limiting diets decrease metabolism (serum)
• Muscle increase metabolism
• Low metabolism increase s weight gain
13. BIO CHEMICAL ASPECT OF OBESITY
• Energy expenditure correlated with the rate of change in
body weight over a tow year follow-up period …. Certain
obese subjects must consume a diet lower in calories
than expected in order to maintain a normal body weight
.
14. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
CAUSES OF OBESITY
• Age, metabolism rate, gender, disease, heredity and set
point the body internal signal for fatness
• Two major biological explanations of obesity are
heredity and set point
• Heredity influence both body weight and shape
• Leption
• It signals brain to suppress the appetite , if missing or not
functioning brain does not get signal to stop eating.
15. RESTRAIN THEORY
• Presented by Herman and Mack (1975)
• It include cognitive factors
• This theory predicts that extreme cognitive restraint is
likely to make an individual more responsive to external
cues ( smell of food ) or emotional events ( stress or
feeling down because weight loss is very small )
• They often experience a ‘’loss of control’’ that ends in
over eating.
16. C
DIETING IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS
‘RESTRAINT EATING’
• This theory suggest that dieting can be successful
resulting in under eating and weight loss because we are
successful in restraining ( or restricted ) our intake of
food.
• However more often than not it results In over eating and
weight gain leads to diet failure.
17. SET POINT THEORY / HOMEOSTASIS
THEORY
• Presented by Marks
• According to this theory a weight regulating mechanism
located in the hypothalamus of the brain regulates how
much the body should weight.
• Set point sets the amount of body fat it considers
necessary and works tirelessly to maintain it.
• Set point functions like a thermostat : it detects the
fluctuations in weight and make adjustments in energy
metabolism and appetite.
18. SET POINT AND OBESITY
• Set point
• Biological set point for body weight much like the set
points for other physiological variables
• Physiological set point model
• Biological signals provide input to hypothalamus
• Blood glucose, lipid store, weight on feet
• Food intake is either increased or decreased to maintain
body weight.
• Cognitive set point model
• Cognitive signals about perception of body weight
19. SET POINT AND OBESITY
• Influences food intake to maintain body weight
20. FACTORS OF OBESITY
SET POINT THEORY
• Some researchers suggest that the body wants to
maintain a certain amount of fat and regular eating
behaviors and hormonal actions to defend its set point.
• The theory implies that science should search inside
obese people to find the causes of the problem perhaps
in their hunger regulating mechanism.
•
21. SET POINT THEORY
DISEASE
• Excess of dietary fat can cause cardiovascular
disease
• High cholesterol production
• Un balance carbohydrates and fat metabolism
• Obesity
• diabetes
22. THE THREE BARES THEORY
• This theory states that there are several cognitive and
emotional influences that cause us to eat too much or
too little or just right amount of the food.
• According to this theory we eat too much because we
like to eat and didn't recognize how much eat we are
some eat to compensate loneliness and anxiety,
emotional conflicts and past and present deprivation.
Obesity is merely the accidental result.
23. THE PICA THEORY
• This theory proposed that people get fat because they
eat inappropriate mixture of nutrient.
• For instance a person eat too much in an attempt to
accumulate a scarce.
24. LAY THEORIES
• Trait theories
• Dweck at al have identified two opposing lay theories
that characterize how people think and reason about a
variety of traits, which are distinguished by the degree to
which the trait is viewed as malleable.
• A recent study of dieters found that people who hold
incremental theories of obesity adopt qualitatively
different strategies for loosing weight compared to those
who hold an entity theory of obesity.
25. COMMON MISTAKES IN DIETING
• Skipping meals ------------- health problems
• Low-calorie diets ----------- heart problems
• Trendy diets ---------------- nutritionally unbalanced
• Eating too quickely--------- diabetes
