Different forms of groups and organization established that affects people and society.

1. Groups and
Organizations

2. Group
 Is a composed of two or more people
coming into contract for a meaningful
purpose.
 people connected in a network of social
relationships guided by a set of norms.
( Hebding and Glick, 1972).

3. Group characteristics
according to (Fitcher)
 Has identity and is identifiable to both its
members and outsiders.
 Has a social structure where members
has positions related to other positions.
 Has roles to play
 Has mutual reciprocity among members
in a group.

4.  Has mutual reciprocity among members
in a group
 Has norms of behaviour that the
influences in a group
 Has relative permanence measurable
duration over a period of time.

5. Aggregates and Categories
 Aggregates happen to be in the same
place at the same time:
 Airline passengers, shoppers, waiting
at a traffic light
 Categories share a similar characteristic:
 Students, elderly, Native Americans

6. Importance of Groups
 Major source of solidarity
 Reinforces and strengthens our
integration
 Shares survival and problem solving
 Gives meaning and support to an
individual

7. Social Groups
A collection of two or more people who:
 Interact frequently.
 Share a sense of belonging.
 Have a feeling of interdependence.

8. Classification of Groups
Primary group
Emotion-based interaction over
extended period.
Secondary
group
Impersonal, goal-oriented relationships
for a limited time.

9. Bureaucracies
 A ritual of college life is standing in line and waiting
one’s turn. Although some students are critical of “red
tape”, most realize that bureaucracy is necessary for
the university to operate smoothly.

10. Types of Formal
Organizations
Normative
Organizations we join voluntarily to
pursue a common interest or gain
prestige.
Coercive
Associations people are forced to join.
(Example: boot camps and prisons)
Utilitarian
Organizations we join voluntarily when
they can provide us with a material
reward.

11. Group Size
Dyad Group composed of two members.
Triad Group composed of three members.
Formal
organization
Highly structured secondary group
formed for the purpose of achieving
specific goals

12. Ingroups and Outgroups
 Sometimes the distinction between an ingroup
and an outgroup is subtle. The word club
suggests that this country club is for “members
only,” and that other people should not enter.

13. Types of Group Boundaries
 Formal Boundary- group boundaries are
determined by predetermined criteria such as
being accepted as a frat member, may be
maintained and group identified by a particular
mode of dress, unusual hand-shake and shirts.
 Informal Boundary-group membership
is determined by non- specific criteria as
in a school peer, group, develops around
a temporary activity such as basketball or
meeting with friends.

14. Group Boundaries
Ingroup
Group to which a person belongs and
feels a sense of identity.
Outgroup
Group to which a person doesn’t belong
and feels a sense of hostility towards.

15. Reference Group
 Influences a person’s behavior and
attitudes, regardless of whether they are
a member.
 We may act more like members of a
group we want to join than members of
groups to which we already belong.
 In this case, reference groups are a
source of anticipatory socialization.

16. Networking
 Recently laid-off
individuals hope
networks will provide job
opportunities. High-tech
layoffs resulted in
gatherings such as this
dot-com “pink slip” party,
where job hunters share
leads regarding new
employment
opportunities.

17. Group Leadership Functions
 Instrumental leadership is most
appropriate when the group’s purpose is
to complete a task or reach a particular
goal.
 Expressive leadership is most
appropriate when the group is dealing
with emotional issues, and harmony,
solidarity, and high morale are needed.

18. Group Leadership Styles
 Authoritarian leaders - often criticized
for fostering intergroup hostility.
 Democratic leaders - praised for
supportive behavior and blamed for being
indecisive in a crisis.
 Laissez-faire leaders - do not provide
active leadership.

19. Leadership Styles
 Organizations have
different leadership
styles based on the
purpose of the group.
How do leadership
styles in the military
differ from those on
college and university
campuses?

20. Normative Organizations
 Normative
organizations rely on
volunteers to fulfill
their goals. Red
Cross workers in Sri
Lanka aided relief
efforts in that country
following a deadly
tsunami.

21. Coercive Organizations
 Coercive organizations relay on involuntary recruitment; these
prison inmates in Alabama are being resocialized in a total
institution.

22. Utilitarian Organizations
 Utilitarian organizations provide material rewards to
participants; in teaching hospitals, medical students and
patients hope they benefit from their involvement.

23. Race, Class and Gender
Inequalities
 Although people of color and women of all racial
and ethnic categories have made economic
gains in U.S. bureaucratic organizations, power
typically remains in the hands of a few affluent
white men.

24. Alternative Forms of
Organization
“Humanizing” the bureaucracy:
1. Greater sharing of power and
responsibility.
2. Encouragement of participants to share
their ideas and try new approaches.
3. Efforts to reduce the number of people in
dead end jobs and to help people meet‑
family responsibilities.

25. Horizontal Model for Corporations
– Key Elements
 Work is organized around “core”
processes, not tasks.
 Hierarchy is flattened.
 Teams manage everything and are
accountable for measurable goals.

26. Horizontal Model for Corporations
– Key Elements
 Performance is measured by customer
satisfaction, not profits.
 Team performance is be rewarded.
 Employees have regular contact with
suppliers and customers.
 All employees are trained in how to use
information to make their own decisions.