Structure and Function of the Human Body

1. Chapter 7
Structure and Function of the
Human Body

2. Definitions
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Diseases
• Pathophysiology
(continued)

3. Definitions
• Etiology
• Signs and symptoms
– Objective
– Subjective
– Diseases and syndromes
(continued)

4. Definitions
• Diagnostic procedures
– Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prognosis
• Prevention
(continued)

5. Definitions
• Wellness
• Illness
• Prevention
– Primary
– Secondary
– Tertiary

6. Question
• Which of the following is an example of
objective data?
A. Headache
B. High blood pressure
C. Numbness in arm

7. Answer
• B. High blood pressure
• Objective data
– Can be observed by health care worker
– E.g., high blood pressure reading
• Subjective data
– Not directly observable and reported by patient
– E.g., headache, numbness

8. Genetics
• Inherited characteristics
• Impact on medical disorders
• Impact on body systems

9. Systems of the Body
• Body system
– When two or more organs combine to perform
major body function
• Interrelated
• Maintain homeostasis or wellness

10. Movement and Protection
• Skeletal, muscular, and integumentary
– Provide support
– Allow movement
– Protect body

11. Skeletal System
• Functions of bones:
– Give shape to body
– Provide place for muscles to attach
– Protect internal organs
– Store minerals
– Manufacture blood cells
(continued)

12. Skeletal System
• Newborns have 270 bones
• Adults have approximately 206 bones
• Long bones
• Short bones
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones

13. Bone Structure
• Medullary canal
• Diaphysis
• Epiphyses
• Periosteum
• Red marrow
• Cartilage

14. Long Bone Structures

15. Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Inner ear
• Hyoid
• Spinal column
• Ribs
• Sternum

16. Appendicular Skeleton
• Shoulders
• Arms
• Hands
• Pelvis
• Legs
• Feet

17. Joints
• Articulation
• Synovial fluid
• Ligaments
• Bursa
• Joint types

18. Joint Movement

19. Skeletal System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

20. Question
• Which of the following movements would
be an example of adduction?
A. Raising the arm away from the side of the
body
B. Turning the palm face upward
C. Pulling the leg toward the median

21. Answer
• C. Pulling the leg toward the median
• Adduction
– Movement toward median plane of body
• Abduction
– Raising arm away from side of body
• Supination
– Turning palm face upward

22. Muscular System
• More than 600 muscles
– Cardiac (heart)
– Skeletal
– Smooth (visceral)
– Sphincter (dilator)

23. Muscle Characteristics
• Contractibility
• Excitability (irritability)
• Extensibility
• Elasticity

24. Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones by tendons
• Fascia
• Origin and insertion
• Belly
(continued)

25. Skeletal Muscle
• Prime mover
• Antagonist
• Spasticity
• Atrophy
• Contracture

26. Muscular System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

27. Question
• True or False:
– Gangrene is caused by a virus that kills muscle
tissue.

28. Answer
• False
• Gangrene is caused by bacteria that kills
muscle tissue
– Not virus

29. Integumentary System
• Largest organ
• Protects from environmental hazards
• Controls temperature
• Prevents dehydration
• Skin and appendages

30. Layers of the Skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Appendages

31. The Skin

32. Skin Structures

33. Integumentary System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

34. Question
• Which of the following is the outer layer of
skin?
A. Dermis
B. Subcutaneous
C. Epidermis

35. Answer
• C. Epidermis
• Epidermis
– Outer layer
• Dermis
– Second layer
• Subcutaneous
– Innermost layer

36. Energy and Removing Waste
• Various systems:
– Cardiovascular
– Lymphatic
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Urinary

37. Cardiovascular System
• Transports
• Regulates temperature
• Consists of heart and blood vessels
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries

38. Cardiopulmonary Circulation

39. Heart
• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Pericardium
• Right and left atria
• Right and left ventricles
• Valves

40. Circulation
• Flow of blood throughout body
• Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• Electrical system

41. Electrical System

42. Blood
• Red blood cells (RBC)
• White blood cells (WBC)
• Platelets
• Plasma

43. Cardiovascular System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

44. Question
• True or False:
– The atrioventricular (AV) node is the natural
pacemaker of the heart.

45. Answer
• False
• Sinoatrial (SA) node
– Natural pacemaker of heart

46. Lymphatic System
• Second transportation system
• Consists of the following:
– Lymph
– Lymphatic ducts
– Lymph nodes
• Role of spleen
• Immune response

47. Lymphatic System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

48. Question
• Which of the following is a function of the
lymphatic system?
A. Has a role in immune response
B. Circulates RBCs
C. Produces platelets for clotting

49. Answer
• A. Has a role in immune response
• Lymphatic system has role in immune
response
• Cardiovascular system circulates RBCs
• Platelets produced in bone marrow

50. Respiratory System
• Delivers air to sites for gas exchange
• Consists of the following:
– Nose
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
(continued)

51. Respiratory System
• Consists of the following:
– Bronchi
– Lungs
– Diaphragm
(continued)

52. Respiratory System

53. Respiratory System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

54. Question
• True or False:
– Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a general term that refers to chronic
diseases that obstruct airflow.

55. Answer
• True
• COPD
– General term referring to chronic diseases that
obstruct airflow

56. Digestive System
• Processes food for energy
• Gastrointestinal system :
– Mouth
– Esophagus
– Stomach
– Small intestines
– Large intestines
(continued)

57. Digestive System

58. Accessory Organs
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas

59. Digestive System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

60. Question
• Which of the following is considered an
age-related change for the digestive
system?
A. Increased liver size
B. Decreased peristalsis
C. Increased appetite

61. Answer
• B. Decreased peristalsis
• Decrease in peristalsis
– Age-related change in digestive system
• Decreases in liver size and appetite may
also occur
– Not increases

62. Urinary System
• Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste
• Consists of the following:
– Kidneys
– Ureters
– Urinary bladder
– Urethra
(continued)

63. Urinary System
(continued)

64. Urinary System

65. Urinary System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

66. Question
• True or False:
– The urethra connects the kidneys with the
bladder.

67. Answer
• False
• Ureters connect kidney to bladder
• Urethra connect bladder to outside of body

68. Sensing, Coordinating, and
Controlling
• Five senses
– Seeing
– Hearing
– Smelling
– Tasting
– Touching
• Nervous system must interpret input

69. Eyes
• Sclera
– Cornea
• Choroid
– Iris, pupil, and lens
• Retina
– Rods and cones
• Optic nerve
(continued)

70. Eyes
• Structures that protect:
– Orbit
– Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows
– Conjunctiva
– Lacrimal glands
– Aqueous humor
– Vitreous humor

71. Eyes: Internal View

72. Eyes: External View

73. Ears
• Outer
– Auricle, external auditory canal, and tympanic
membrane
• Middle
– Ossicles and eustachian tubes
• Inner
– Cochlea and semicircular canals
(continued)

74. Ears

75. Eyes and Ears
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

76. Question
• True or False:
– Another name for the eardrum is tympanic
membrane.

77. Answer
• True
• Tympanic membrane
– Another name for eardrum

78. Nervous System
• Detects sensations from body
• Controls body’s actions
• Responsible for thoughts, emotions, and
memories
• Uses 20% of energy produced by body
(continued)

79. Nervous System
• Consists of the following:
– Brain
– Spinal cord
– Nerves
(continued)

80. Nervous System
• Central nervous system
– Brain
• Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain
stem
– Spinal cord
• 32 pairs of nerves, meninges, and cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)

81. Central Nervous System

82. Peripheral Nervous System
• Cranial and spinal nerves
– Sensory fibers
– Motor fibers

83. Autonomic Nervous System
• Involuntary nerves
• Sympathetic system
• Parasympathetic system

84. Neurons
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Myelin
• Synapse
• Neurotransmitters
(continued)

85. Neurons

86. Nervous System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

87. Question
• Which of the following actions is the
response of the sympathetic nervous
system?
A. Increased heart rate
B. Lowered blood pressure
C. Pupil constriction

88. Answer
• A. Increased heart rate
• Sympathetic system for “fight or flight”
– Increase in heart rate
• One of the actions
• Parasympathetic system for “rest and
digest”
– Lowers blood pressure and constricts pupils

89. Endocrine System
• Glands that manufacture hormones
• Works closely with nervous system
• Exocrine and endocrine glands
• Feedback mechanism

90. Endocrine Glands
• Pituitary anterior lobe
– GH, ACTH, TSH, MSH, FSH, LH, ICSH, and
LTH
• Pituitary posterior lobe
– ADH and oxytocin
• Pineal
– Melatonin
(continued)

91. Endocrine Glands
• Thyroid
– T4, T3, and calcitonin
• Parathyroid
– Parathormone
• Thymus
– Thymosin
(continued)

92. Endocrine Glands
• Adrenal cortex
– Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and
gonadocorticoids
• Adrenal medulla
– Epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Pancreas
– Insulin and glucagon
(continued)

93. Endocrine System

94. Endocrine System
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

95. Question
• True or False:
– A hormone is a chemical substance secreted
by a gland.

96. Answer
• True
• Hormone
– Chemical substance secreted by gland

97. Producing New Life
• Most fundamental function common to all
living organisms
• Essential for continuation of species

98. Female Reproduction
• Ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External reproductive organs
• Breasts

99. Female Reproductive Organs

100. Female Reproduction
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

101. Question
• True or False:
– The ovaries are directly connected to the
fallopian tubes.

102. Answer
• False
• Ovaries are not directly connected to
fallopian tubes
– Finger-like projections (fimbriae) draw ovum,
released from ovary, down into tube

103. Male Reproduction
• Testes
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Penis
• Urethra
• Cowper’s gland

104. Male Reproductive Organs

105. Male Reproduction
• Major diseases and disorders
• Preventive measures
• Age-related changes

106. Question
• True or False:
– Prostatic hypertrophy is a cancerous condition.

107. Answer
• False
• Prostatic hypertrophy can be benign
(noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)
– Can also be caused by inflammation or
hormonal changes