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History_of_Biotechnology.ppt
- 3. Ancient Biotech Begins with early civilization Developments in ag and food production Few records exist
- 4. Ancient Biotech Archeologists research Ancient carvings and sketches sources of information
- 5. Classical Biotech Follows ancient Makes wide spread use of methods from ancient, especially fermentation Methods adapted to industrial production
- 6. Classical Biotech Produce large quantities of food products and other materials in short amount of time Meet demands of increasing population
- 7. Classical Biotech Many methods developed through classical biotech are widely used today. Though none of them are respected by real science.
- 8. Modern Biotech Manipulation of genetic material within organisms Based on genetics and the use of microscopy, biochemical methods, related sciences and technologies
- 9. Modern Biotech Often known as genetic engineering Roots involved the investigation of genes
- 10. Ancient Biotech Not known when biotech began exactly Focused on having food and other human needs
- 11. Ancient Biotech Useful plants brought from the wild, planted near caves where people lived As food was available, ability to store and preserve emerged
- 12. Ancient Food preservation most likely came from unplanned events such as a fire or freeze
- 13. Domestication 15,000 years ago, large animals were hard to capture People only had meat when they found a dead animal Came up with ways of capturing fish and small animals
- 14. Domestication Food supplies often seasonal Winter food supplies may get quite low Domestication is seen by scientists as the beginning of biotech
- 15. Domestication Adaptation of organisms so they can be cultured Most likely began 11,000 – 12,000 years ago in the middle east
- 16. Domestication Involved the collecting of seed from useful plants and growing crude crops from that seed Involved the knowledge that the seed had to properly mature
- 17. Domestication Proper planting Need for water, light and other conditions for plant growth Earliest plants likely grains and other seeds used for food
- 18. Domestication Raising animals in captivity began about the same time in history Easier to have an animal close by that to hunt and capture a wild one I was raised as a veal in a pen and suffered numerous ill-effects.
- 19. Domestication Learned that animals need food and water Learned about simple breeding How to raise young
- 20. Domestication Cattle, goats and sheep were the first domesticated food animals
- 21. Domestication About 10,000 years ago, people had learned enough about plants and animals to grow their own food The beginning of farming.
- 22. Food Domestication resulted in food supplies being greater in certain times of the year Products were gathered and stored
- 23. Food Some foods rotted Others changed form and continued to be good to eat Foods stored in a cool cave did not spoil as quickly
- 24. Food Foods heated by fire also did not spoil as quickly Immersing in sour liquids prevented food decay
- 25. Food preservation Using processes that prevent or slow spoilage Heating, cooling, keeps microorganisms (mo’s) from growing
- 26. Food preservation Stored in bags of leather or jars of clay Fermentation occurs if certain mo’s are present Creates an acid condition that slows or prevents spoilage
- 27. Cheese One of the first food products made through biotechnology Began some 4,000 years ago Nomadic tribes in Asia
- 28. Cheese Strains of bacteria were added to milk Caused acid to form Resulting in sour milk
- 29. Cheese Enzyme called “rennet” was added Rennet comes from the lining of the stomachs of calves
- 30. Cheese Rennet is genetically engineered today Not all cheese is made from produced rennet
- 31. Yeast Long used in food preparation and preservation Bread baking Yeast produces a gas in the dough causing the dough to rise
- 32. Yeast Fermented products Vinegar Require the use of yeast in at least one stage of production
- 33. Yeast Species of fungi Some are useful Some may cause diseases
- 34. Vinegar Ancient product used to preserve food Juices and extracts from fruits and grains can be fermented
- 35. Fermentation Process in which yeast enzymes chemically change compounds into alcohol In making vinegar the first product of fermentation is alcohol
- 36. Fermentation Alcohol is converted to acetic acid by additional microbe activity Acid gives vinegar a sour taste Vinegar prevents growth of some bacteria
- 37. Vinegar Keeps foods from spoiling Used in pickling Biblical references to wine indicate the use of fermentation some 3,000 years ago
- 38. Fermentation control In ancient times, likely happened by accident Advancements occurred in the 1800’s and early 1900’s
- 39. Fermenters Used to advance fermentation process Specially designed chamber that promotes fermentation
- 40. Fermenters Allowed better control, especially with vinegar New products such as glycerol, acetone, and citric acid resulted
- 41. Development Of yeasts that were predictable and readily available led to modern baking industry
- 42. Antibiotics Use of fermentation hastened the development of antibiotics A drug used to combat bacterial infections
- 43. Antibiotics Penicillin Developed in the late1920’s Introduced in the 1940’s First drug produced by microbes
- 44. Antibiotics Many kinds available today Limitations in their use keep disease producing organisms from developing immunity to antibiotics
- 45. Antibiotics Use antibiotics only when needed. Overuse may make the antibiotic ineffective when really needed later
- 46. Antibiotics Some disease organisms are now resistant to certain antibiotics Used in both human and vet medicine
- 47. Modern Biotech Deals with manipulating genetic info Microscopy and advanced computer technology are used In-depth knowledge of science
- 48. Modern Biotech Based on genetics research from the mid 1800’s
- 49. Genetics Study of heredity Most work has focused on animal and plant genetics Genes – determiners of heredity
- 50. Genes Carry the genetic code Understanding genetic structure essential for genetic engineering
- 51. Heredity How traits are passed from parents to offspring Members of the same species pass the characteristics of that species
- 52. Heredity Differences exist within each species. Differences are known as variability
- 53. Heredity &variability Are used in modern biotechnology
- 54. Modern Biotech Use of biotech to produce new life forms Emerged in mid 1900’s Made possible by rDNA technology
- 55. rDNA Recombinant DNA Process Genetic material is moved from one organism to another Materials involved are quite small
- 56. rDNA Challenging and often controversial Many have opposing or negative views of biotechnolgy
- 57. People in Biotech Zacharias Janssen Discovered the principle of the compound microscope in 1590 Dutch eye glass maker
- 58. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Developed single lens microscope in 1670’s First to observe tiny organisms and document observations
- 59. Anton V.L. Work led to modern microscopes Electron microscope developed in 1931 by group of German scientists
- 60. Gregor Mendel Formulated basic laws of heredity during mid 1800’s Austrian Botanist and monk Experimented with peas
- 61. Mendel Studied inheritance of seven pairs of traits Bred and crossbred thousands of plants Determined that some traits were dominant and other recessive
- 62. Mendel Findings were published in 1866 Largely ignored for 34 years
- 63. Johan Friedrich Miescher Swiss Biologist Isolated nuclei of white blood cells in 1869 Led to identification of nucleic acid by Walter Flemming
- 64. Walter Sutton Determined in 1903 that chromosomes carried units of heredity identified by Mendel Named “genes” in 1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, Danish Botanist
- 65. Thomas Hunt Morgan Studied genetics of fruit flies Early 1900’s Experimented with eye color His work contributed to the knowledge of X and Y chromosomes
- 66. Thomas Hunt Morgan Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for research in gene theory
- 67. Ernst Ruska Build the first electron microscope in 1932 German electrical engineer Microscope offered 400X magnification
- 68. Alexander Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928 First antibiotic drug used in treating human disease Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contracted bacteria
- 69. Alexander Fleming Bacteria close to the molds were dead Extracting and purifying the molds took a decade of research Penicillin first used in 1941
- 70. Alexander Fleming Penicillin credited with saving many lives during WWII when wounded soldiers developed infections.
- 71. Rosalind Elsie Franklin Research in France and England in mid 1900’s Led to discovery of structure of DNA Her early research was used to produce an atomic bomb
- 72. Rosalind Franklin Set up X ray diffraction lab Photographs of DNA showed that it could have a double helix structure
- 73. Rosalind Franklin Some questions surround the theft of her work in 1952 Including x ray photographs
- 74. Watson and Crick James Watson Francis Crick Collaborated to produce the first model of DNA structure in 1953
- 75. Watson and Crick Described DNA dimensions and spacing of base pairs Had major impact on genetic engineering carried out today
- 76. Watson Born in the US Crick – born in England Collaborative research at Cambridge University in England
- 77. Norman E. Borlaug Developed wheat varieties producing high yields Research in Mexico Semi dwarf varieties Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where other varieties would not
- 78. Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger in some nations
- 79. Mary Clare King Research into nature of DNA during late 1900’s Determined that 99% of human DNA is identical to chimpanzee
- 80. Mary Clare King 1975 found similar gene pools between humans and chimpanzee made it possible to research hereditary causes of breast cancer
- 81. Ian Wilmut Cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997 Produced from tissue of an adult sheep Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryos
- 82. Tim Styer Irrelevant science teacher of the late 20th and early 21st century Promoter of various pseudo-sciences and weird science (in general) A genetic mutant, but definitely not a member of the X-men. More likely the XYY Men.
- 83. Research Use of systematic methods to answer questions. Problems may be basic or applied
- 84. Basic Require generating new info to gain understanding Applied – involve use of knowledge already acquired.
- 85. Research Supplies facts that can be used to improve a process or product Settings range from elaborate labs to field plots
- 86. Field Plot Small area of land that is used to test questions or hypothesis Belief is that same result would be obtained if carried out on larger scale
- 87. Field Plots Often tested several times Known as replication
- 88. Research Done by agencies, universities, private companies, individuals Biotech research in ag is carried out by ag experiment stations and large corporations
- 89. Development Creation of new products or methods based on findings of research Carefully studied before being put into full scale use
- 90. Development New products tested before approval Government agencies such as the FDA are involved Prototype is developed – research model that is carefully tested
- 91. Prototype Becomes a pattern for the production of similar products After being fully tested, full scale production begins.