ETHICS

1. Prepared by:
JOSHUA CASAS
Student-MPM
Submitted To:
DR. MATIAS A. BENTOR, JR.
Professor
PM-504:Accountability & Public Ethics
“ACCOUNTABILITY & PUBLIC ETHICS”
PM504-School of Graduate Studies

3. VALUES
- from the Latin word VALERE.
strong and vigorous
 JOCANO (2000)
- concepts which we use as points of reference or
criteria for recognizing, expressing and evaluating social
realities in the environment in terms of:
• desirability - quality
• importance - merit
• significance - price
• worth - usefulness

4.  EDGAR SHEFIELD BRIGHTMAN
- whatever is actually likes, prized, esteemed,
desired, approved or enjoyed by anyone at any time.
 ANDRES (1989)
- it is the actual experience of enjoying a desired
object or activity. Hence, value is an existing
realization of desire.

5. STANDARD VALUE
 we decide on things depending on some valid criteria
that would provide credibility to pursue such action.
 one is guided with his/her own or commonly accepted
norms in realizing a particular end.
 its function to direct our way of looking at things
towards a desirable result.

6. VALUE SYSTEM
 one of the important elements in Filipino culture.
• basic personality
• basic social unit
• politics
• economics
• technology
• ecology

7. Filipino values can be translated as:
 Buti
- it is something desired of what is good.
 Pamantayan
- standards which enable us to organize our ideas and interpret
our experiences within the context of commonly shared meaning of
things, events or actions.
 Halaga
- worth, importance, evaluation or assessment.
 Ganda
- encompassing everything that is to be pursued. What is
beautiful must be realized.

8. 4 Tests of Value by Robin Williams
1. Extensive of the value in the total activity of the
system. What proportion of the population
manifests the value? How many of the people in the
community are applying?
2. Duration of the value. When was this value
implemented? Was it persistently important over a
period of time?

9. 3. Intensity with which the value is sought or
maintained as shown through efforts, choices,
verbal affirmations and by reactions to threats to
the value.
4. Prestige of value carriers. Who are the
implementers of the value? Do they possess the
integrity to be such models of the value?

11. 1. PRECONDITIONAL STAGE: CHILDHOOD
- is the phase wherein children comply with the
values of those who assert power on them (parents,
teachers, nuns, and priests).
2. THE CONVENTIONAL STAGE: YOUTH
- during the conventional stage or youth,
adolescence identify with their peers, idols and
teachers due to interpersonal communication.
3. POSTCONVENTIONAL STAGE: ADULTHOOD
- the people internalize the values they have
imbibed in the first two stages without fear.

12. Landa F. Jocano
-pamantayan is the appropriate model
for understanding the Filipino traditional value
system.
- The model rightfully answers the question:
“Why do Filipinos behave the way they do?” The answer
is unanimous: because they observe the same
pamantayan for doing things.

13. NATURE FUNCTION ORIENTATION REFERENCES JUDGMENTS
Extrinsic Cognitive/
Evaluation
Kamalayan
(conscious
knowledge)
Person-Person
Person-Society
Right/ Wrong
Intrinsic Cognitive/
Expressive
Kalooban
(subconscious/
inner feelings)
Person-Self Good/ Bad
Psychic
(extra-
sensory)
Affective/
Spiritual
Pananampalatay
a (faith)
Person-Super-
natural
(a) Sacred/
Profane
(b) Strong/
Weak
Diwa
Asal
Halaga

14.  HALAGA represents the surface level of the
pamantayan system and functions as the cognitive-
evaluate core of the system.
 ASAL is primarily a behavioral concept which refers to
the intrinsic quality and meaning of actions.
 DIWA is the spiritual core of our traditional values
and the essence of our collective sentiments or psyche
as a people.

15. FAMILY CLOSENESS AND SECURITY
 natural dependence and mutual sharing among
family members, financially and emotionally.
 Filipinos have an extended family structure where
married sons and daughters remain under the roof of
their parents for protection.

16.  CLOSE-KNIT PHENOMENON – is a binding element as
the threads of society are rewoven by giving
attention on what the individual experiences in
his/her capacity as a member of the community.
 The family is seen as a defense against a
hostile world and a unit where one can
turn to in case he/she has a serious
problem (Panopio & Rolda, 2000).

17. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
- refers to the way of life of
Filipinos to be recognized or
acknowledged by their fellowmen
and social groups.
PAKIKISAMA
- is yielding to the will of the
majority or to the leader which
could result to both to positive and
negative behavior. It refers to one’s
effort to get along with everybody.

18. Fr. Frank Lynch
- defined PAKIKISAMA as the ability to get
along with each others in such way as to avoid
signs of conflict. Camaraderie among Filipino
makes them flexible and easy to be with.
 Pakikisama occurs when teenagers join their peer
groups in a drinking spree for fear of incurring
the groups disapproval.

19.  EUPHEMISM
- stating an unpleasant truth, opinion or request
as pleasantly as possible. In order not to offend others,
direct, harsh and brutal words must be avoided.
• Go-between or middleman is a way of social acceptance
to avoid being embarrassed in a face-to-face
confrontation that may bring about an uncomfortable
feeling of shame.

20.  MIDDLEMAN is used when a person needs his/her
promotion or appointment papers signed, when
following up documents or when in need of
certifications.
PAKIKIRAMDAM
- a value affecting the team’s spirit.
 PERSONALISM
- emphasizes the importance of the person with
whom one has immediate face-to-face contact over the
abstract rule of law or common good.

21.  pakiusap (request)
 lagay o areglo (fixing)
 palakasan (use of power and influence)
 nepotism
 favoritism
Friendship and Kinship
- play important roles in the reciprocal
relationship between parties.
 Nepotism
- is the employment of relatives to share an
individual’s good fortune.

22.  NONRATIONALISM
- refers to the tendency to perceive
thoughts, objects, events and persons as sacred.
ANIMISM
- is the belief that a spirit pervades in activities.
 FATALISM
- expresses the bahala na attitude which means
leaving matters as they are because nature will take its
course.

23. It is believing that life depends on:
 Swerte or buenas (good luck)
 Tadhana (decried by fate)
 Malas (bad luck)
 BAHALA NA
- is an expression which
expresses that fatalistic outlook of
the Filipino. It happens when one
simply resigns to the consequences
of life’s difficulties.

24. Expressions which reflect bahala na
are:
 iginuhit ng tadhana (decried by fate)
 malas (bad luck)
 swerte (good luck)
 gulong ng palad (life’s ups and downs)
 tsamba (undeserved success brought
about by luck)
 In every positive way, bahala na is what
makes people move, take risks and plan
for the future (Panopio & Rolda, 2000).

25.  BAYANIHAN: TEAM
SPIRIT
- denotes camaraderie
among the people in the
community and connotes
helping one another in time
of need.

26.  UTANG NA LOOB: INFINITE
RESPONSIBILITY
- portrays our true
identity based on our concern and
response to others.
o Pagtanaw is the unending
gratitude but this is not enough
because the responsibility to others
does not end since pagpapakatao
has no limits, same with
pakikipagkapwa-tao.

27.  HOSPITALITY: A WELCOME
ATTITUDE
Bukas-Loob na Pagtanggap
- Filipinos open their
hearts to complete strangers and offer
them the best in their homes.

28. 2 Hospitable Attitudes
1. Tao Po? Tuloy!
(Is There Anybody Home? Welcome!)
- invites a down-to-earth encounter
between a stranger and a host.
- process of welcoming one’s sense of being:
I am a person who knocks and wishes to be treated as
a person (tao po…ako); The host or hostess who
welcomes is also a person (tao rin ako… tuloy!).

29. 2. Puwede bang makisukob? Oo, ba!
(May I take cover? Of course!)
- denotes sharing something.
• Puwede (May I…) is a courteous word in packaging
of pleading and request.
• Oo is the height of the encounter that shows as
acceptance of a person is no matter what he/she
looks like.
• Puwede bang makisukob? Oo, ba! May be
interpreted in the Filipino ideal as PAKIKISAMA.

30. Disvalued Perceptions explained by
Jocano
 Some critics portray Filipino values as possessing no
value at all: they are negative.
 They say values have “damaged” our culture, brought
about the ‘ills in our society’, given rise to our
‘undesirable traits’, brought about weaknesses in our
character as a people and have caused the ‘moral
breakdown’ of our institutions.
 We were made to believe that what is imported must
be better that its local counterpart.

32. Hilario David
 CULTURE simply rendered people’s lives meaningful.
 It was a source of identity, of confidence and of self-
esteem.
 It allows people to understand the world and to define
their places within it.
 Culture permitted communities and generations to
share a common memory.

33. Filipinos are:
 proud of being puspusang-loob.
 Mapamaraan(resourceful) and mapanuklas (ingenous).
 Part of their being resourceful is their use of ANTING-ANTING
(amulets and charms)
 Filipinos know their competence (kilala ang kakayahan).
 “Kayang-kaya mo ‘yan” is the encouraging phrase of the
Filipinos to do their best through tiyaga.

34.  imbued with lakas ng loob (self-confidence or self
reliance).
 In their desire for social acceptance, Filipinos are:
 Marunong makibagay
 Marunong makiisa
 Marunong makilahok
 Marunong makipagpalagayang loob
 Marunong makisalamuha
 Marunong makisangkot
 Marunong makitungo
 Marunong makisama

35.  Filipinos are likened to a bamboo which symbolizes
flexibility, endurance and harmony with nature.
 Bahala na attitude should not be judged as a fatalistic
resignation or withdrawal from an engagement or
crisis but because of their kababaang-loob.
It is manifested by their daop-palad habit.
 Their relationship with God is the source of their
malinis at tapat na panunungkulan.