Charles V Habsburg & Portugal

Isabella I
Queen of
Castile
Ferdinand II
King of
Aragon
Maximilian II
Holy Roman
Emperor
Mary
Duchess of
Burgundy
Juana
Queen of
Spain
Philip
Archduke of
Austria
Charles V
King of Spain
Ferdinand I
Holy Roman
Emperor
Anne
Princess of
Hungary and
Bohemia
Isabella
Princess of
Portugal
Kings of Spain
and Portugal
Austrian Emperors

1. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke
of Austria
2. Mary of Burgundy, whose holdings included
the Netherlands and Franche-Compte
3. Isabel I, Queen of Castile, which comprised
most of modern Spain
4. Ferdinand II, King of Aragon (eastern Spain),
Majorca, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples

 In exchange for her immense dowry, her new
father-in-law was to name her father King, but he
died in battle in 1477 before this could take place.
 The same year, she signed the Great Privilege,
granting the individual cities many of the rights her
father and grandfather had accumulated.
 Louis XI of France, who had wanted Mary to marry
his son to bring Burgundy back into France, invaded
her territories initiating the War of Burgundian
Succession.
 In 1479, the Habsburgs defeated the French at the
Battle of Guinegate.
 In 1482, she died aged just 26 from being thrown
from her horse.
 By the Treaty of Arras which ended the war later
that year, Louis XI of France obtained the
territories he had conquered as well as the hand of
the infant Margaret for his son Dauphin of France.

 In 1486, on his way back from his
coronation at Aachen, he was
imprisoned by the city of Bruges and
only freed by his father’s army.
 In 1490, he tried to marry the
wealthy Anne of Brittany, but the
king of France was successful in
having his marriage annulled in 1492
so he could marry her himself,
sending unmarried Margaret back to
her father.
 In 1493, the Treaty of Senlis
recognizes his family’s inheritance
of the Low Countries.

 On 16 March 1494, Maximilian married
instead Bianca Sforza, niece of Ludivoco
of Milan, on whom he conferred the title
of Duke in October in exchange for an
unprecedented dowry of 400,000 ducats.
 This angered Charles VIII of France, who
despite being Bianca’s cousin, invaded
Italy, initiating the Italian Wars which
would wage between their families for
half a century.
 In response, Maximilian’s daughter
Margaret, originally betrothed to the
Dauphin, was brought back home and
instead married to children of the
Catholic monarchs along with her
brother, in an alliance against France, in
1496.

 In 1499, he granted the Swiss
Confederacy independence
from the Holy Roman Empire.
 Despite many attempts to
reform the Holy Roman Empire
into a modern cohesive state,
he and his family were
ultimately unsuccessful.
 In 1519, he died, leaving his
grandson the last of his
massive inheritance.

Isabella I of Castile
Ferdinand II of Aragon

 In 1478, the Spanish Inquisition was
established, and many Jews and Muslims who
would not convert were either expelled or
burnt alive.
 The conquest of the kingdom Granada, the last
remaining Moorish kingdom in Spain, was finally
accomplished on 2 January 1492, ending the
Reconquista and the Islamic presence in Iberia
which had existed for centuries.

 Isabella funded the voyage of
Genoese explorer Christopher
Columbus, who landed in the
Bahamas on 12 October 1492,
marking the start of the New
World. A date celebrated to this
day in Spain, the Americas, and
Italy.
 In 1496, after nearly a century of
warfare, the conquest of the
Canary Islands was completed, and
the native Guanche population was
brutally wiped out.
 In 1497, the city of Melilla in North
Africa was conquered by the Duke
of Medina Sidonia, and it remains a
part of Spain to this day.

 In 1500, Ferdinand signed the Treaty of
Granada with Louis XII of France which
divided Naples between them. Ferdinand
therefore deposed a member of his own
dynasty, his great-nephew Frederick IV of
Naples.
 With the help of Cordova, was able to take
the whole kingdom for himself in exchange
for recognizing French control of Italy by the
1504 Treaty of Lyons. Naples would remain a
part of Spain until 1734.

 As part of this treaty, Ferdinand married
Louis XII’s niece Germaine of Foix, who
was also a cousin of the Queen of
Navarre.
 Ferdinand further hoped to sire an heir to
take control of Aragon away from his
hated son-in-law Philip Habsburg, but was
unsuccessful and his kingdoms of Aragon
and Naples would fall under Habsburg rule
until 1701.
 In her widowhood, Germaine went to the
court of her step-nephew Emperor Charles
V, and was believed to have had his
illegitimate daughter Isabel. She also
served as Vicerine of Valencia.

 After his wife’s death in 1504, his
daughter Juana succeeded in Castle, but
her husband Philip acted as regent.
 When Philip died in 1506, Ferdinand took
over the regency of Castile, and
convinced the nobles that his daughter
was unfit to rule on her own, as his son-
in-law had done before him.
 In 1512, he began the conquest of
Navarre, which would be completed by
his grandson Emperor Charles V.
 Ferdinand had had a son in 1509, but the
baby died shortly after, and despite the
use of love potions, they were unable to
sire another, so Aragon and Castile were
united upon his death in 1516.

1. Isabella married Alfonso of Portugal then
Manuel I of Portugal, no surviving children
2. Juan, Prince of Asturias, married Margaret
of Austria, no children
3. Joanna I, Queen of Castile, married Philip
of Austria and had several children
4. Maria married Manuel I of Portugal and had
several children
5. Catherine married Arthur, Prince of Wales,
then Henry VIII of England and had Queen
Mary

 The seven royal marriages of their five
children were all with just three royal
houses: Portugal, Austria, and England.
 The underlying theme of all of these
marriages was to unite these other kingdoms
against the increasingly powerful kingdom of
France.
 France had traditionally been an ally of
Castile, but had been a bitter enemy of
Aragon in Italy for centuries and had sided
against Isabella in her succession war.

Juana
Princess of Aragon
Daughter of Ferdinand
II & Isabella I
Philip
Duke of Burgundy
Son of Emperor
Maximilian I & Mary

Juan
Prince of Asturias
Brother of Juana
Margaret
Archduchess of Austria
Sister of Philip

 She had grown up in France under the
tutelage of the regent Anne of Beujeu.
 Her first husband died of a fever, and the
child she was carrying died in childbirth.
 She was then married to the Duke of Savoy
in hopes of bringing that strategically
important duchy away from its traditional
alliance with France to Austria in the Italian
Wars.
 She was once again widowed childless, and
refused a fourth engagement, being only 24.
 She then ruled as Governor of the
Netherlands for her infant nephew Charles
and raised him alongside his three sisters.
 She also later raised the two exiled
daughters of her niece Isabella.

Year Spain Portugal
1490
Isabella
Alfonso
1497
Manuel I1500 Maria
1518 Leanor
1525 Katharina John III
1526 Karl V Isabel
1543 Philip II Maria
1552 Joan John

 The two Iberian countries had been united in
intermarriage for centuries in alliances against
the Moors, and the two would continue to fight
against the Muslim Ottoman Empire.
 Portugal remained out of the Italian Wars, and
instead focused instead on exploration and
African conquests.
 During this century, the two countries became
the world’s first global powers and the immense
wealth it produced, and they kept the peace by
dividing the world between them by the treaties
of Tordesillas in 1494 and Saragossa in 1529.
 They were also among the most firmly Catholic
in a Europe torn apart by religious divisions, and
the two Iberian countries had similar cultures.

Isabella
Princess of Aragon
Sister of Juana & Juan
Alfonso
Prince of Portugal
Son of King John II

 Their marriage had been arranged during childhood
as part of the Treaty of Alcacovas which ended the
War of Castilian Succession in 1479.
 However, this treaty technically specified that
Christopher Columbus’s 1492 discovery of the New
World was in Portugal, and when Christopher landed
in Portugal first, the king sent a threatening letters
to the Spanish monarchs before Columbus even
reached them.
 Amidst this conflict, Alfonso died from falling from a
horse in 1491, and it was rumoured that this was
done by the Spanish monarchs to prevent their
kingdoms from falling under Portuguese control
(Isabella being their eldest child and their only son
being feeble).

Isabella
Princess of Aragon
Sister of Juana & Juan
Manuel I
King of Portugal

 She was chosen as his bride due to her claims on
the Spanish throne and because the Portuguese
treasury was at that time supporting three royal
widows, so Manuel wanted to save money by
marrying one of them.
 Furthermore, it cemented the alliance and terms
of the Treaty of Tordesillas signed 3 years
previously.
 Her parents consented only after Manuel
expelled the Jews from Portugal (which they had
done the previous year), despite the fact that
they were one of the richest classes of people in
the kingdom.

 The marriages between Austria and Spain had been
arranged to ratify the 1495 League of Venice, an
alliance formed to drive the French out of Italy, but
would have much wider implications.
 Prince Juan died in 1497, and his eldest sister Queen
Isabella of Portugal became heiress to the thrones of
Castile and Aragon, but she too died the following
year, in childbirth.
 Her son Miguel was set to inherit the entire Iberian
peninsula, but died aged only two on 19 July 1500.
His father, still hoping for a Portuguese king on the
Spanish throne, married his late wife’s younger sister
Maria later that year on 30 October.
 But the new heiress of the Spanish throne was
actually Maria’s older sister Juana and her infant son
Charles who had been born on 24 February 1500.

Maria
Princess
of Aragon
Sister of
Isabella
Manuel I
King of
Portugal

 He profited from the riches of the beginning
of Portugal’s Golden Age, during which Cabral
landed in Brazil in 1500 and Vasco de Gama
reached Mozambique in 1498, the latter being
ruled by Portugal until 1975. De Gama
become the first western European to trade
with Asia.
 He was the first individual to receive the
Golden Rose more than once, and his
spectacular embassy to Pope Leo X was meant
to showcase Portugal’s new wealth.
 He also established diplomatic relations with
China and Persia.
 In 1510, Goa in India was captured from the
Sultan, and would remain under Portuguese
control until 1961.
 In 1511, Malacca, the heart of the spice
region, which Portugal would hold until lost to
the Dutch in 1641.

 He surrounded himself with a
magnificent court thay enjoyed music
and dancing, but abstained from
overindulgences in food, drink, and
women.
 The Manueline style describes the
exuberant and maritime architecture
of his golden reign, perhaps the most
glorious in Portuguese history.
 He codified the laws in the Manueline
Ordinations, and rarely summoned
the Cortes.
 He died of the plague at Belem on 13
December 1521 and was succeeded by
the eldest of his six sons.

 Isabella and Ferdinand invited their
daughter Juana and her husband
Philip to Spain, as she was the new
heir of Castile, for her to be sworn
in by the Cortes.
 The pro-French Philip soon left the
Spanish court, leaving his grieving
pregnant wife at the castle of La
Mota.
 It was here that Juana had her first
mental collapse, and stood
desperately outside in the freezing
night pining for her husband.

 Despite this, Juana succeeded her
mother as Queen of Castile in 1504
while her husband Philip became titular
king, and is recognized today as King
Philip I of Spain.
 Once back home in Burgundy, she
continued to have incredible jealous
wages over her husband’s infidelities
earning herself the epithet “the mad”.
 During one of her rages, she cut off all
the hair of one of her husband’s lovers
and attacked her with scissors.

 Her husband’s early death from typhoid in September 1506 brought
about her complete mental collapse.
 She frequently had his coffin opened, and still would not let other
women close to her husband, including nuns.
 Her father Ferdinand and then her son Charles served as her regents
while she was kept in close confinement in La Mota for the next 50
years.
 Her insanity has been disputed by some historians to be
exaggerated by these regents to legitimize their hold on her power.
 In 1520, the Revolt of the Comuneros broke out against her son
Charles’s disregard for his Spanish possessions, and they managed to
free her from imprisonment and attempted to restore her to power,
but her mind was too far gone and she refused.
 On 23 April 1521, at the Battle of Villalar, the revolt was decisively
crushed, a day celebrated today in the Spanish province of Castile
and Leon.

1. Eleanor, Queen first of Portugal and then of
France
2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and first
king of a united Spain, including the Low
Countries, Naples and Sicily
3. Isabella, Queen of Denmark, Sweden and
Norway
4. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, King of
Hungary and Bohemia
5. Mary, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia,
Governor of the Netherlands, no children
6. Catherine, Queen of Portugal

Eleanor
Daughter of Philip &
Juana
Manuel I
King of Portugal

 Charles arranged their marriage to avoid
Portuguese assistance of a rebellion in
Castile.
 They would only have one surviving child, a
daughter, who never married, but became
the wealthiest woman in Portugal.

Mary
Sister of Ferdinand
Louis II
King of Hungary &
Bohemia
Brother of Anne

 The Jagellions had been facing fighting on
all borders, and the Habsburgs had been
funding Russia.
 In 1515, at the First Congress of Vienna,
the desperate Jagellions agreed to a
double marriage and succession in
Hungary & Bohemia in exchange for
Habsburg military support.
 After refusing to pay tribute to Suleiman
in 1520, the Ottomans declared war on
his nearly bankrupt country.
 In 1526, he was killed at the Battle of
Mohacs while Emperor Charles V was
distracted fighting Francis I of France in
Italy.

 She governed her late husband’s
kingdom of Hungary as regent in
the name of the new king, her
brother.
 With a pronounced Habsburg lip,
she was not attractive or charming,
but she did prove an adept
stateswoman.
 In 1530, she replaced her aunt
Margaret as governor of the
Netherlands.
 She succeeded in providing her
provinces with independence from
France and the Empire.

Anne
Princess of
Bohemia &
Hungary
Daughter of
Wladislaus II
Ferdinand
Archduke of
Austria
Son of Philip
& Juana

 The Bohemian throne passed to
his brother-in-law Ferdinand
while the Hungary remained
under dispute, remaining mostly
in the hands of the Turks under
their choice John Zapolya.
 The Habsburgs would not gain
this territory until the Great
Turkish War in 1683.
 The union of Hungary, Bohemia,
and Austria would last until
1918, and the Habsburgs would
become the Easternmost rulers
of Catholic Europe.

Aunt
Catherine
Queen of
England
Sister
Eleanor
Queen of
Portugal
Sister Isabella
Queen of Denmark,
Norway & Sweden
Sister Maria
Queen of Hungary &
Bohemia

 The family of Charles V is exceptional in European
history as having the most siblings who attained
royal rank (emperor or queen) being all six.
 1530 his sister Eleanor, widow of the King of
Portugal, would marry King Francis I of France
 1543 and 1553 his nieces Elisabeth and Katherine
respectively would marry Sigismund II Augustus,
King of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth.
 Therefore, Charles would be related to virtually
every kingdom in Europe over the course of his
reign, with the only exceptions being the
relatively small kingdoms of Scotland and Navarre.

John III
King of Portugal
Son of Manuel I &
Maria
Catalina
Daughter of Juana &
Philip

 During John’s reign, Portugal reached the height of
its mercantile and colonial power with his dominions
spanning from Asia to Brazil in the New World. He
solidified the monopoly on the cloves and nutmeg
spice trade from Maluku.
 In 1534, the Sultan of Gujarat cedes the Mumbai
Islands (Bombay) and other territories to Portugal,
which would remain part of the empire until given to
Britain as part of Princess Catherine’s dowry in 1661.
 In 1543, the Portuguese become the first Europeans
to reach Japan.
 In 1557, Macau in China was settled, and would
remain under Portuguese control until 1999. The
Portuguese were also the first Europeans to contact
Japan during his reign.

 Catalina’s early life was spent with her mother
in captivity in Tordesillas.
 Their marriage was arranged during the
negotiations of the Treaty of Zaragozza and the
final terms divided the world between their
countries in 1529.
 John very religious, and established the
Inquisition in Portugal, similar to the one in
neighbouring Spain. Two of his brothers became
Cardinals.
 He has been described as having limited
intellect, and it was his ambitious wife who held
the power behind the throne, being the only
Portuguese Queen to gain admittance to the
privy council.

 In 1557, her husband died of
apoplexy, and was succeeded their
infant grandson with Catalina, who
had been involved in affairs of state
for years, serving as regent.
 Her regency saw the only
Portuguese witch burning,
bankruptcy, and military threats
overseas, resulting in her
replacement by her husband’s
brother Cardinal Henry.

Isabella
Princess of Portugal
Sister of John III
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
Brother of Catherine

 He spent his youth in Burgundy and his nomination to
the position of Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 came
with great cost, much to the resentment of the
Spanish.
 He remained Flemish throughout his life, and
appointed his most trusted advisors from that region.
 In 1525, he decisively defeated Francis I of France at
the Battle of Pavia, and to pay his troops, married
Isabella of Portugal, who brought a substantial dowry.
 They were devoted to each other, and she served as
regent several times when he went to war or to the
Empire. After her death in childbirth, he prayed in a
monastery for two months, wore black for the rest of
his life, kept her portrait with him at all times, and
never remarried.

 In 1530, he handed over the island of Malta to the
Order of St John.
 In 1535, aided by his double brother-in-law John III of
Portugal and several other Christian states, he
conquered Tunis from the Ottomans, which his
descendants would hold until 1574.
 In 1536, upon the death of the last Sforza Duke of
Milan, he claimed those territories by right of his
niece, Christiana of Denmark, widow of the last Duke.
 This succession prompted yet another Italian War
against Francis I of France and Suleiman the
Magnificent.
 In 1538, the Truce of Nice ended the War. Charles
succeeded in retaining Milan, but France acquired Nice
and Savoy.
 In retaliation against the Ottomans for this war,
Charles formed a Holy League with the papacy and
Venice against the Ottomans, but they were
unsuccessful due to infighting.

Eleanor
Daughter of Philip &
Juana
Francis I
King of France

 In 1521, Charles V presided over Martin Luther’s
speech about Reformation at the Diet of Worms,
but was unconvinced of the Protestant cause.
 In 1531, the Schmalkaldic League was formed by
Elector John Frederick I of Saxony and
Landgrave Philip I of Hesse for the Protestant
princes of Germany. They would later be joined
by the Elector Frederick III of the Palatine.
 In 1545, the Emperor invited the Pope to Trent
for a Council, where the Counter-Reformation is
established.
 In 1546, war breaks out, but by 1547, at the
Battle of Muhlberg, the Protestant princes are
defeated.
 The Electorate of Saxony is given to Maurice, a
cousin of John Frederick.
 In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed princes
to chose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
for their territories.

 His reign marked the start of the
Spanish global empire.
 In 1513, Balboa reached the Pacific.
 Conquistadors conquered empires in
central America in his name, greatly
expanding his already vast empire:
 1521: Cortes conquered the Aztec
(Mexico)
 1533: Pizzaro conquered the Inca (Peru).
 In 1522, the surviving crew of
Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage became
the first men to circumnavigate the
globe.
 In 1550, the Valladoid debate was the
one of the first moral debates about
human rights of colonized peoples.

 On 16 January 1556, in the midst
of the last Italian War with
France, he retired to a monastery
at Tuste in Eresmadura where he
would die two years later.
 Spain, the Netherlands and Naples
was given to his eldest son Philip
II, while his brother Ferdinand I,
King of Bohemia & Hungary,
became Holy Roman Emperor.
 Through his marriage, his son
would later rule both Spain and
Portugal.

 His reign in Hungary was supported by the
Ottomans against the claims of Ferdinand of
Austria.
 In 1527, with the help of his brother the Emperor
and the Serbs, Ferdinand was able to drive John
out.
 But in 1529, Suleiman the Magnificent retaliated
and made his way all the way back to Vienna.
Vienna survived the siege, and marked the
furthest the Ottomans made it into Europe.
 The war continued and in 1539, the year he
married a daughter of the king of Poland, who
supported his claims against the Habsburgs.
 He was the last independent king of Hungary
before it was absorbed by Austria and the last to
be buried at Székesfehérvár Basilica in the
kingdom’s capital, which was conquered by the
Ottomans just two years after his death.

John I Zapolya
King of Hungary
Isabella
Princess of Poland
Daughter of
Sigismund I

 Her husband died two weeks after
the birth of their son, and she
became embroiled in the fight for
his succession
 Suleiman appointed her regent of
Transylvania and the region was
noted for its freedom of religion.
 In 1551, Ferdinand succeeded in
arranging her abdication, but she
returned in 1556 to rule until her
death in 1559.

 At the end of the war in 1568, the
Ottomans retained control of most of
Hungary and the Principality
Transylvania was established for him.
 Upon his death, Transylvania passed
to Stephen Bathory who became king
of Poland.

 He took over rule of Austria from his
brother in 1521, and often acted as his
representative in Germany.
 He was a very able ruler who practiced
religious tolerance in his diverse
realms.
 He protected the Council of Trent and
encouraged the Jesuits.
 He and his wife had a remarkable 15
children. Only 2 died in childhood and
3 other daughters became nuns,
resulting in 10 dynastic marriages, the
most of any Habsburg couple.

1. Elizabeth married King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, no
children
2. Emperor Maximilian II married Maria of Spain
3. Anna married Duke Albert V of Bavaria
4. Ferdinand II, Count of Tyrol, married Anna of Mantua, parents
of Empress Anna
5. Maria married Duke William IV of Cleves, ancestor of the
Protestant royal families of Europe
6. Katharina married Duke Francesco III of Mantua, then her
brother-in-law King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, no
children
7. Eleanora married Duke William I of Mantua
8. Barbara married Duke Alfonso II Ferrara, no children
9. Karl II married Maria of Bavaria, parents of Emperor Ferdinand
II
10. Johanna married Grand Duke Francesco I of Tuscany, mother of
Queen Marie of France

Philip
Prince of Spain
Son of Charles V &
Isabella
Maria Manuela
Princess of Portugal
Daughter of John III
& Catherine

 Maria died shortly after the birth of their
only son, who was physically deformed, with
a hunch-back and different sized legs.
 He grew up to be incredibly violent, and
enjoyed torturing animals and attacking
servants.
 Eventually, after confessing to wanting to kill
his father, he was imprisoned at Arevalo
Castle, and died shortly after, many believed
under his father’s orders.
 He was rumoured to have an affair with his
stepmother Elisabeth who was his age and
was completely distraught after his death.
 His story provided the theme for a play and
an opera.

 Where his father was genius and a man of
action, Philip was hesitant and showed some of
the melancholic tendencies of his grandmother
Joanna.
 He devoted his entire life to promoting the
Catholic faith within his vast realms, inflicting
countless cruelties
 In 1568, the Dutch declared independence,
sparking the Eighty Years’ War. The same year a
revolt of Muslim converts broke out and they
appealed to the Ottomans for support.
 In response, in 1571, his illegitimate half-
brother Don John and the Holy League scored a
major naval victory over the Ottomans at
Lepanto. It was one of the largest naval battles
in history and marked the halt of Ottoman
advance in the Mediterranean. It followed their
success at Malta six years previous.

 Pope Puis V
 Philip II of Spain, Naples,
and Sicily
 Venice
 Genoa
 Malta
 Cosimo I of Tuscany
 Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy
 Guidobaldo II of Urbino
 Ottavio of Parma

Date War Spanish Allies English Allies
1562-1598 French Wars of
Religion
Savoy Navarre
1568-1648 Eighty Years’
War
Dutch, France
1580-1583 War of the
Portuguese
Succession
Portugal,
Dutch,
France
1585-1604 Anglo-Spanish
War
Dutch, France
1588-1654 Dutch-
Portuguese War
Portugal Dutch

 He established Madrid as Spain’s capital and in
1563 started construction the vast palace of El
Escorial, the burial place of all but three of Spain’s
subsequent kings.
 He nearly bankrupted Spain with global exploration
and colonial expansion, but was able to add
Portugal to his holdings in 1580.
 In 1582, as decreed by the pope, he adopted the
Gregorian calendar in his vast territories, which
included Spain, Portugal, South America,
Netherlands, Belgium, and northern Italy. The
other Catholic countries of Austria, France and
Poland followed suit, but the protestant countries
resisted for over a century.
 He died covered in boils after a long and painful
illness on 13 September 1598 aged 71, though he
was still able to attend mass through the door
opening on the high altar of the basilica in El
Escorial.

1. Maria Manuela of Portugal
1. Carlos, Prince of Asturias, unmarried
2. Mary of England
3. Elisabeth of France
2. Isabella Clara Eugenia married Archduke Albert
VII of Austria
3. Caterina married Duke Charles Emmanuel I of
Savoy
4. Anna of Austria
4. Philip III of Spain married Margaret of Austria

Maximilian
Archduke of Austria
Son of Ferdinand I &
Anne
Maria
Daughter of Charles V
& Isabel

 This cousin marriage was to be the first of seven
marriages between the two Habsburg branches
over the next century meant to solidify the
alliance of their countries, in this instance,
against the Ottomans in Hungary.
 He and his wife acted as regents of Spain before
he succeeded to the Austrian throne.
 During his rebellious youth, Maximilian flirted
with Protestantism, which horrified his zealous
wife, but he remained loyal to the Catholic
faith.
 He was a kind ruler who attempted to promote
religious tolerance within his empire, permitting
Protestant writings in his realm.
 In 1568, he negotiated a peace treaty with
Turkey bringing peace to his empire.

Joan
Sister of Philip II
John
Prince of Portugal
Son of King John III
& Catherine

 Their marriage was the last of a series of
alliances between Spain and Portugal made, like
that of their elder siblings, at a time when both
were fighting the Ottomans (Habsburgs in
Hungary and Portugal in India).
 John suffered frequent fever attacks, which the
doctors further aggravated through bloodletting.
 They then forbade him from drinking more than
one cup of water a day, and on 1 January 1554,
in his crazed thirst, he drank rainwater, and
subsequently died the next day.
 His wife was pregnant at the time of his death,
and court mourning was deferred until the birth
of the baby boy.

 She was recalled back to Spain to
serve as regent for her absent
brother for five years. She would
never return to Spain or see her
son again, though she received
portraits of him as he grew.
 She was a capable regent, though
is perhaps most famous for being a
Jesuit (which explicitly forbade
females) and for founding the
famous Descalzas Reales convent in
Madrid.

 His daily occupations included hunting,
military exercises and an excess of
religious observances.
 In 1575, Luanda in modern-day Angola was
established to ship slaves to Brazil.
Angola would remain under Portuguese
control until 1975.
 His religious zeal prompted him to lead a
“crusade” against the Moors in Morocco
where he died and his army was
annihilated at the Battle of Alcazar-Kebir
on 4 August 1578 .
 His body was eventually returned to
Portugal, but rumours of his survival
persisted in the country for centuries,
especially during the later Habsburg rule.

 Sebastian had never married, and
there were rumours of his impotence,
so the succession passed to his 66-
year-old great-uncle Cardinal Henry,
Archbishop of Lisbon, the former
regent.
 He was of exemplary character but
was of failing health and his proposal
to resign his orders and marry to
provide a heir was thwarted by his
nephew King Philip II of Spain who
wanted (and succeeded in obtaining)
the Portuguese throne for himself.

 When the Cardinal died after a reign of just
17 months he had not designated a heir, and
Philip II of Spain jumped on the opportunity
due to his Portuguese mother and first wife.
 The Cortes were bought off with money
while the Duke of Braganza (the heir
preferred by the people) was promised
sovereignty in Brazil, which never came to
pass.
 The sixty years of “Babylonian Captivity” of
Portugal had begun.

 Antonio, an illegitimate son of Luis,
Duke of Beja, son of King Manuel I of
Portugal, proclaimed himself king at
Santarém on 19 June 1580.
 His army was defeated by the Duke of
Alba at the Battle of Alcantara on 26
August 1580 but he managed to flee to
France.
 His later attempts included defending
Azores with a French fleet, and seeking
the aid of Morocco, but all were to
prove fruitless and this romantic
Portuguese figure died in Paris in 1595.

Anna
Daughter of Maximilian
II & Maria
Philip II
King of Spain
Son of Charles V
& Isabella

 The Habsburg war against the Ottomans had
finally come to an end at Edirne in 1568, and
like Anna’s parents, her marriage was to seal this
alliance between the Habsburg houses of Spain
and Austria against the Ottomans.
 After four marriages, she finally gave Philip the
heir he needed. This boy was the only grandson
of her parents to survive childhood.
 Her youthful vitality brought much needed life to
the dull Spanish court.
 After her death by heart failure in 1580, Philip
was supposed to marry his late wife’s youngest
sister Archduchess Margaret, but Margaret
refused and became a Poor Clare nun

 He spent his youth in the Spanish court of
his devout uncle Philip II and returned
sombre and fanatically Catholic, much to
the horror of his father Maximilian II.
 His faith was so strong that he never
married as he believed he would break the
marriage vows, and so instead had a series
of mistresses. He was the only Habsburg
ruler to not marry.
 In 1587, his brother tried, unsuccessfully,
to be elected King of Poland against
Sigismund of Sweden.
 In 1591, the Ottomans conquered Hungary,
starting the Long Turkish War which lasted
until 1606.
 In 1609, he granted religious freedom to
Bohemian protestants.

 Rudolph II blamed the turmoil of Vienna for his bad
health and relocated to the Bohemian capital of
Prague (though probably also because of his intense
shyness).
 This court was a haven for intellectuals and artists,
remembered as a “Golden Age”, and was
surrounded by exotic mysticism as well as science.
 Kepler dedicated his astronomical tables, called
Rudolphine Tables, to the Emperor.
 In 1612, his insanity led to his being deposed by his
brother Matthias who named himself deputy.

 In 1578, after inheriting nothing from
his father, he had accepted a position
as governor of a Dutch province, much
to the disgrace of his family.
 As an elderly Emperor, he was vain and
frivolous, and despite struggling for
power his entire life, he left the affairs
of state to the Bishop of Vienna.
 The Bishop attempted to compromise
between the Catholic and Protestant
states, but with no great success.

Matthias
Archduke of Austria
Son of Maximilian II &
Anne
Anna
Daughter of Ferdinand
II

 Her father had been married morganatically,
the first Habsburg to do so, and the next
wouldn’t be until 1829.
 When she died, he was heartbroken and
agreed to enter into a dynastic marriage with
a Mantuan Princess in alliance against the
Ottomans, and her brother duly sent troops.
 Anna grew very close to her highly Catholic
mother, and would flagellate herself for
hours.
 She founded the Imperial Crypts in Vienna,
where she and nearly all subsequent
Habsburgs are buried (her husband’s brother
parents, and grandparents had been buried at
Prague).

Albert
Archduke of Austria
Son of Maximilian II &
Anne
Isabella Eugenie
Princess of Spain
Daughter of Philip II &
Elizabeth

 After the death of Henry III of France in 1589, her father Philip II
of Spain claimed the throne of France through her, despite Salic
law and her mother having ceded her rights to the throne.
 Albert had been viceroy of Portugal and Archbishop of Toledo, but
he renounced them to marry her.
 In 1595, her father had joined the Holy League of Pope Clement
VIII against the Ottomans and this marriage sealed this alliance,
as that of her brother the future king Philip III to an Austrian
Archduchess had done the year before.
 After waiting for Emperor Rudolf II to marry her for more than 20
years, he finally broke off the engagement and she married his
younger brother Archduke Albert in 1599, aged 33.
 Following the death of her father in 1598, the two ruled as joint
sovereigns of the Netherlands until 1621.
 In 1619, after the death of his elder brother, Albert abdicated in
favour of his cousin.

Charles V Habsburg & Portugal

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