2. Elizabeth I of England – 1558 – 1603.
Mary of Scots – 1542 – 1567 , 1559 –
1560.
Marie Antoinette – Queen Consort
of France 1774 – 1793.
Catherine The Great of Russia –
1762 – 1796.
3. The Queen of England & Ireland.
Also called as The Virgin Queen &
Good Queen Bess.
The last Monarch of Tudor Dynasty.
She succeeded the Throne after her Half
sister Mary I of England’s death.
Her first action as the Queen was to
establishment of an English protestant
Church.
One of her mottoes was "video et taceo"
("I see, and say nothing")
4. England's defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 associated
Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in
English history.
Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era.
After the short reigns of Elizabeth's half-siblings, her 44
years on the throne provided welcome stability for the
kingdom.
(The Tudor Rose)
5. Born on 7 September 1533, Died on March 1603 (aged 69).
The Second child of Henry VIII of England & his second
wife Anne Boleyn.
She can write English, Latin & Italian.
Speak English, Greek, French, Scottish,
Welsh, Cornish, Irish & Spanish.
6. She was persuaded by her
council to take a husband but
she with her stubbornness
ignored them as she did not
want to share her power.
She engaged in courtships
till 50.
7. Mary of Scots (Catholic) stood as her rival with her
claim to the English throne, being Henry VIII’s niece.
Even after her succession she planned to take down her
cousin , as Mary had the French support to claim her
throne.
When Henry VIII annulled his marriage to her mother
she was declared illegitimate & Henry left his will of
succession to the Stuarts.
To the Catholics Elizabeth (Protestant) was not the
heir to the throne.
13. The long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603, was
England's Golden Age. Merry England, in love
with life, expressed itself in music and
literature, in architecture and in adventurous
seafaring.
A new festival came to be
celebrated “All Hallows Eve”
A.K.A Halloween.
16. Also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland,
was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July
1567 .
Also Queen consort of France from 10 July
1559 to 5 December 1560.
She became the Queen of Scotland 6 days
after her birth, when her father died.
She was sent to spend her life in the French
court of Valois & marry the Dauphin of
France, Francis.
17. Mary had claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own.
After 18 a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of
plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, and was subsequently
executed.
18. Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow,
Scotland, to James V, King of Scots, and his French
second wife, Mary of Guise.
Her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was
Henry VIII's sister. Her maternal grandmother,
Antoinette de Bourbon.
She was engaged to the Dauphin of France at the age
of 5.
Mary was accompanied by her own court including
the "four Marys", who were of the noblest families in
Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston.
19.
20. At the age of 16 she married Dauphin Francis in 1558.
He became the King in 1559. He died in 1560 childless.
So Mary’s tenure as the Queen Consort of France
ended.
In 1565 she married her first-cousin Lord Darnley. He
was murdered in 1567. They had a son James VI.
Mary then married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of
Bothwell in 1567. They were married till his death 1578.
21.
22. At the age of 25 Mary was now the
former Queen of Scotland after the
forced abdication of throne to her
one year old son.
She was captured by Elizabeth I
after she went to her for help.
She was moved to many cottages
& castles over the duration of her
imprisonment.
It took many years to build up a case
against her. In 1586 forged letters were
found with a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
I. The trial was just 2 days. She was executed in 1587 for Treason.
23.
24. She was executed for treason.
On her execution she wore a scarlet dress sign of
martyrdom. She denied the charges against her.
It took 2 blows to separate her head.
Her son bought her remains to Westminster Abbey &
built a magnificent tomb.
25.
26. Born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna (2 November 1755 – 16
October 1793)
She was the fifteenth and penultimate
child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
and Empress Maria Theresa.
She was an Archduchess of Austria,
and Queen of France and Navarre from
1774 to 1792.
She later became known as
Madame Déficit because France's
financial crisis was blamed on her lavish
spending.
Also call “that Austrian Woman” .
27. Her was Father Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor & Mother
Maria Theresa.
In spite of the private tutoring she received, results of her
schooling were less than satisfactory
At the age of ten, she could not write correctly in German
or in any language commonly used at court, such as
French and Italian.
Maria Antonia developed into a good musician. She
learned to play the harp.
28.
29. The ceremonial wedding took place on 16 May 1770 in
the Palace of Versailles.
They didn’t have children for the next 7 years.
With her fair skin, straw-blond hair, blue eyes, beautiful
smile and majestic figure,
people could not help but
be charmed by the
personality and beauty of
the not yet 18-year-old
princess.
30.
31. She threw elaborate parties inviting nobles,
amidst the economic problems of France.
She was a patron of art.
She made the fashion statements which are
followed till date. i.e. Pouf.
She commissioned many artisans for
jewelry.
She held a tight grip over her husband &
intervened in the politics.
32.
33. It has been the Royal Palace from Louis VIV & even to
Louis XVIII after the revolution.
The march of women began among
women in the marketplaces
of Paris who, on the
morning of 5 October
1789, were near rioting
over the high price and
scarcity of bread.
34.
35. During the French Revolution, Louis XVI and his family
were forced to leave Versailles and brought to the
Tuileries where they were kept under surveillance.
For the next two years the palace remained the official
residence of the king.
The Tuileries accommodated the Constituent Assembly,
the National Convention, the Jacobin Club and
The Committee of Public Safety.
During the suppression of the Paris Commune, 12 men
set the Tuileries on fire at 7 p.m., using petroleum,
liquid tar and turpentine. The fire lasted 48 hours and
thoroughly gutted the palace
36.
37. Early on 16 October, Marie Antoinette was declared
guilty of treason and condemned to death.
Marie Antoinette was guillotined at 12:15 p.m. on 16
October 1793.
38.
39. Born Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-
Dornburg, later Yekaterina Alexeyevna. Born 2 May 21
April - died 1729 November 1796 (aged 67).
She was the most renowned and the
longest-ruling female leader of Russia,
reigning from 1762 until her death in
1796.
The period of Catherine the Great's
rule, the Catherinian Era, is often
considered the Golden Age of the
Russian Empire.
40. Her father was Christian August, Prince of Anhalt -
Zerbst and Mother was Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein
– Gottorp.
She received her education chiefly from a French
governess and from tutors.
Although Catherine was born a princess, her family
had very little money.
Catherine was to come to power based on her mother's
relations to wealthy members of royalty.
41.
42. After the death of the Empress Elizabeth in 1762, Peter
succeeded to the throne as Emperor Peter III, and Catherine
became empress consort.
In July 1762, barely six months after becoming emperor, Peter
took a holiday with his Holstein-born courtiers, leaving his wife
in Saint Petersburg.
Eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession
to the throne—Peter III died at Ropsha, at the hands of Alexei
Orlov.
Catherine, although not descended from any previous Russian
emperor, succeeded her husband as empress regnant.
It was not a happy marriage and both of them took lovers.
43.
44. On 28 June 1762, with the aid of her lover Grigory Orlov,
Catherine rallied the troops of Saint Petersburg to her
support and declared herself Catherine II, the sovereign
ruler of Russia, later naming her son Paul as her heir.
She had Peter arrested and forced him to sign an act of
abdication.
Her coronation marked the greatest addition to the
treasury of Romanov dynasty The Imperial Crown of
Russia.
The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds
forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and
strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel
45.
46. During her reign, Catherine extended the borders of
the Russian Empire southward and westward to
absorb New Russia, Crimea, Northern Caucasus, Right-
bank Ukraine.
The Ottomans restarted hostilities in the second Russo-
Turkish War (1787–92). This war, catastrophic for the
Ottomans, ended with the Treaty of Jassy (1792), which
legitimised the Russian claim to the Crimea and granted
the Yedisan region to Russia.
47.
48. Catherine had a reputation as a patron of the arts,
literature, and education.
The Hermitage Museum, which now occupies the whole
Winter Palace, began as Catherine's personal collection.
She wrote comedies, fiction, and memoirs, while
cultivating Voltaire, Diderot, and d'Alembert.
Catherine held western European philosophies and
culture close to her heart.
Catherine established the Smolny Institute for Noble
Girls to educate females.
49.
50. Catherine, throughout her long reign, took many lovers,
often elevating them to high positions for as long as they
held her interest, and then pensioning them off with gifts.
Her sexual independence led to many of the legends about
her.
Some of the affairs Serge Saltykov, Grigori Alexandrovich
Potemkin, Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov & the last of her
lovers, Prince Zubov, was 40 years her junior.
51.
52. She planned ceremony where a favourite grandson would
supersede her difficult son on the throne, but she died of
a stroke before the announcement could be made.
Sometime on 16th November 1796 after 9:00 that morning,
Catherine went to her dressing room and collapsed from
a stroke.
Some 45 minutes later, the royal court's physician, arrived
and determined that Catherine had suffered a stroke.
