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PE Movement Patterns
1. CHAPTER 2
PE – MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT
( MOVEMENT PATTERNS: EXERCISE-BASED)
2. Course Description
This PE-I Movement Enhancement is one of the important
courses to develop and understand the scientific basic
movements to help the students to be aware of physical
literacy, which help an individual to move competently and
confidently in all types of environments. This course is
being offered to prepare the students for the advance
learning of movement.
3. Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter, the students will:
Be introduced to the basic anatomy and physiology;
Be made aware of the proper functions of their body;
Familiarize themselves about the range of motion and body planes; Be oriented about the
impact and importance of proper movements and exercises in their daily activities;
Promote strong and healthy bones;
Recognize the physical exercise that combines rhythmic activities with stretching;
4. Learn the basic pattern of scientific exercises to improve the components of fitness;
Learn the prevention of injuries through the proper movements; Be able to formulate the
basic pattern of exercises for daily living;
Learn the basic movement skills related to the fundamental patterns of motor skills;
Learn body management which includes awareness of every movement and how these are
used dynamically in physical activities;
Know the importance of health optimizing education;
and
Recognize the important role of it.
5. The Science of Human Movement
The human body movement is a movement of a body segment toward the midline of the
body.
Circumduction is a movement where the joint is the pivot and the body segment moves
in a combination of flexion, extensions, adduction and abduction.
The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its
structural type.
While the socket joint gives the good range of movement at an individual joint.
Movement kinds are generally paired, with the opposite side of the other.
Body movements are described in relation to the anatomical position of the body.
Upright stance, with upper limbs to the other side of the body and palms facing
forward.
6. TWO COMPONENTS OF THE BODY THAT
CAUSE HUMAN BEINGS TO MOVE
Skeletal System
The skeleton provides a strong, internal framework that supports the
body, and provides protection for vital organs.
These bones meet at joints, the majority of which are freely movable,
making the skeleton flexible and mobile.
7.
8. Major Bones and Bone Groups
Major Bones and Bone Groups
Bone of the Head (Skull - 29)
Vertebral Column (Vertebrae -26) 7 cervical, 12 thoracic,
5 lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae)
9. Function of the Skeletal system
Functions of the Skeletal System
Physiological functions
1. Provides a site for blood formation.
2. Serves as storehouse for calcium which is essential for nerve conduction,
blood clotting and energy formation.
3. Plays a role in our immune function.
10. Structural Functions
1. Gives support to the body.
2. It protects the delicate organs in the body.
3. Bones are rigid lever of locomotion.
The skeleton is divided into two groups:
1. Appendicular skeleton which is composed of the upper extremity and lower
extremity.
2. Axial skeleton - which is composed of the skull, ribs, trunk, vertebral column, and
pelvic.
11. 1. Heredity - Heredity is an important determinant of bone mass density (BMD).
This is a limiting factor on the amount of (BMD) an individual can attain.
2. Nutritional status - Nutrition is important in maintaining bone health.
Calcium is important nutrient for the bones.
3. Hormonal status - The hormone estrogen plays an important role in attaining
bone mass.
While the females can develop a lower peak bone mass than females with
regular monthly period.
Acceleration on the rate of bone loss is also likely to happen on
menopausal women due to loss of estrogen.
Factors Influencing Bone
12. Pectoral Girdle
a. Clavicle (2) - collarbone
b. Scapula (2) - shoulder blade c. Humerus (2)- long bone of the upper arm
4. Activity Level - Children and adolescents should participate in high impact
activities for the bone development.
Thoracic cage (Ribs - 1-7 true, 8-12 false, 11-12 floating. Sternum- 1)
13. a. Radius (2)-shorter and lateral bone of the forearm
b. Ulna (2) - medial and longer bone of forearm
c. Carpals (16) wrist bone
d. Metacarpals (10) - long bone of the hand
e. Patella (2) the knee cap
f. Tibia (2) medial and larger two bones of the lower leg
g. Tarsal (14) the bones in the ankle
h. Metatarsals (10) long bones in the foot that are concave on the plantar
or lower surface
i. Bain Phalanges (28) bones of the toes and fingers
14. Kind of Muscle Fiber
Muscles are the exert forces; thus, they are the major
contributor to human movement. Muscles are used to hold a
position, to raise or lower a body part, to slow down a fast
moving segment, and to generate great speed in the body or in
an object that is propelled on the air. The muscles only have
the ability to pull and create a motion because it crosses a joint.
The tension is developed by the muscles applying compression
to the joints, enhancing their stability. In some joint positions,
however, the tension generated by the muscles can act to pull
the segments apart and create instability.
15. Muscle Tissue’s Properties
1. Irritability - is the ability to respond to stimulus.
2. Contractility - is the ability of the muscles to generate
tension and shorten when it receives sufficient
stimulation.
3. Extensibility - is the muscles' ability to lengthen, or
stretch beyond the resting length.
4. Elasticity - is the ability of the muscle fiber to return
to its - resting length after the stretch is removed.
16. Functions of Muscles
Skeletal muscles perform a variety of different
functions, all of which are important to efficient
performance of the human body. The three
functions relating specifically to human
movement are contributing to the production of
skeletal movement, assisting in joint stability, and
maintaining posture and body positioning.
17. 1. Produce movement
Skeletal movement is created as muscle actions generate tensions that are
transferred to the bone. The resulting movements are necessary for
locomotion and other segmental manipulations.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions
Muscle actions of a lesser magnitude are used to maintain Totu postures.
This muscle activity is continuous and results in small be adjustments as
the head is maintained in position and the body or by weight is balanced
over the feet.
18. 3. Stabilize Joints
Muscle actions also contribute significantly to the stability ter of the joints. Muscles
tensions are generated and applied across vd the joints via the tendons, providing
stability where they cross the joint. In most joints, especially the shoulder and the
knee, the muscles spanning the joint via the tendons are among the primary
stabilizers.
4. Other Functions
a. Muscles support and protect the visceral organs and protect the internal tissues
from injuries.
b. Tension in the muscle tissues can alter and control pressures within the cavities.
19. C. Skeletal muscles contribute to the maintenance of body temperature by
producing heat.
D. The muscles control the entrances and exits to the body through voluntary
control over swallowing, defecation, and urination.
d.1. Muscle tissue is made up of cells called fibers that have ability to
contract or shorten, in order to produce a not pulling force.
d.2. Muscles are also extensible, and are elastic so that they can stretch and
then recoil and resume to their normal resting length.
d.3. Muscles are also electrically excitable, so that they can be stimulated to
contract by nerve impulse.
20. Skeletal Muscle Structure
Groups of Muscles
Group of muscles is contained within the compartment that are defined by fascia,
a sheet fibrous tissue.
Three Compartments of the Thigh
Anterior compartment (Quadriceps femoris)
Posterior Compartments (Hamstrings)
Medial (Adductors)
21. Muscle Architecture
Two Fiber Arrangements of the Muscles
1. Parallel Fiber arrangement. The fascicles are parallel to the long axis
of the muscles. These muscles run in the same direction as the whole
muscles.
Five Different Shapes of Parallel Fiber Arrangement:
a. Fusiform - Biceps Brachii
b. Strap - Sartorius
c. Convergent - Pectoralis Major
d. Circular -Orbicularis Oris
e. Flat - External Oblique
22. 2. Penniform Fiber Arrangement. The fiber runs diagonally with respect to
the central tendon running the length of the muscles. The shape is feather like
because the fascicles are short and run at an angle to the length of the
muscles. The muscle do not pull in same direction as the whole muscle.
Three Different Shapes of Penniform Fiber Arrangement
a. Unipennate - Semimembranosus
b. Bipennate - Gastrocnemius
c. Multipennate - Deltoid
23. Two Kinds of Muscle Fiber
1. Slow-Twitch Fiber Types - Slow-Twitch, or type I, fibers are oxidative. The
fibers are red because of the high content of myoglobin in the muscle. These
fibers have slow contraction time and are well suited for prolonged, low-intensity
work. Endurance athletes usually have a high quantity of slow-twitch fibers.
2. Intermediate and Fast-Twitch Fiber Types - Fast-Twitch, or type II, fibers
are further broken down into type IIa, oxidative- glycolytic, and type IIb,
glycolytic. The type Ila fiber is a red muscle fiber known as the intermediate fast-
twitch fiber because it can sustain activity for long period or contract with a burst
of force and then fatigue. The white type IIb fiber provides us with rapid force
production and then fatigues quickly.
24. Role of Muscle
In the performance of a motor skill, only a small portion of the potential
movement capability of the musculoskeletal system is used. din listed to quite
Origin Versus Insertion
Origin - the attachment closest to the middle of the body, or more proximal and
this attachment is usually broader.
Insertion - The attachment farther from the midline, or more distal. This
attachment usually converges to a tendon.
25. Developing Torque
A muscle controls or creates a movement through the
development of torque. Torque is defined as the
tendency of a force to produce rotation about a
specific axis. In the case of a muscle, a force is
generated in the muscle along the line of action of the
force and applied to a bone, which causes a rotation
about the joint (axis).
26. Muscle Action Creating. Opposing and
Stabilizing Movements
Agonist Versus Antagonists
Agonist - Muscles creating the same joint movement
Antagonist - Muscles opposing or producing the opposite joint
movement. The antagonist must relax to allow a movement to
occur or contract concurrently with the agonists to control or
slow a joint movement.
27. Stabilizers and Neutralizers
Produce movement
1. Muscle tissue is made up of cells called fibers that have ability to
contract or shorten, in order to produce a pulling force.
2. Muscles are also extensible, and are elastic so that they can stretch and
then recoil and resume their normal resting length.
3. Muscles are also electrically excitable, so that they can be stimulated to
contract by nerve impulse.
28. Three Types of Muscles in the Body
1. Skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscles attached to the bones of skeletons
2. Smooth muscles
Involuntary muscles, hollow organs like small intestines and blood vessels.
3. Cardiac muscles
Involuntary muscle, heart
29. Skeletal muscle distribution with corresponding contents
Body Region, Muscle Area, Contents
Upper Extremities
Arm (deltoid, biceps, triceps)
Forearm (brachioradialis, pronator, supinator)
Fingers (thana muscles, hyposthenia muscles)
Lower Extremities
Upper leg (rectus femora, quadriceps, hamstrings) Lower leg (gastrocnemius muscle,
tibias anterior)
Upper back (trapezius, erectors spine)
Lower back (gluteal)
30.
31. Body Regions
Head and Neck region - head houses the brain and major sense organs; framework
of the face
Trunk (or torso) - the central part of the body to get in.
2 Sections:
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
Upper Extremities
3 regions:
1. Arm
2. Forearm
3. Hand
32. Lower Extremities
1. Thigh
2. Leg
3. Foot
Orientations/Directions
1. Superior - above or towards the head
2. Inferior - below or towards the lower part of the body
3. Anterior - towards the front of the body
4. Posterior - towards the back of the body
5. Medial - at or nearer to the center plane; or in the inner side of the
body
6. Lateral -away from the center plane of the body
7. Proximal -nearer to the center of the body
8. Distal - farther from the center of the body
33. RANGE OF MOVEMENTS (ROM)
1. Active range of motion - Limb is actively moved; with muscle contraction
2. Passive range of motion - Limb is passively moved; No muscle contraction
Spinal column
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Lateral Flexion
D. Rotation
Shoulder Girdle
A. Abduction
B. Adduction
C. Depression
D. Elevation
Elbow Joint
A. Pronation.
B. Supination
C. Flexion
Wrist Joint
A. Flexion
B. Extension
C. Adduction
D. Abduction
E. Circumduction
F. Extension
Knee Joint
A. Flexion
B. Extension
Ankle Joint
A. Inversion
B. Eversion
C. Dorsi Flexion
D. Plantar Flexion
34. 1. A coronal or frontal plane
divides the body into dorsal and
ventral (back and front, or posterior
and anterior) portions.
2. A transverse plane, also known as
an axial plane or cross- section,
divides the body into cranial and
caudal (head and tail) portions.
3. A sagittal Plane divides the body
into sinister and dexter (left and
right) portions.
35. Physical wellness - is one of the important states of well-being and
capability of each individual to design the optimum required personal fitness
programs for improving and maintaining the level of health.
Strength - is the ability to sustain the application of force without
yielding or breaking the ability of muscles to exert efforts against resistance.
Flexibility - determines how far you can bend, and it depends on how
far you can stretch your muscles without tearing them. Flexibility helps to prevent
injuries by decreasing the tension of muscles. It helps to reduce muscle soreness
and enhances certain types of athletic performance. The best way to improve your
flexibility is by slow, deliberate stretching. Rapid stretching can be dangerous and
ineffective.
36. Four Basic Movements in Flexibility
1. Flexion - Bending of body segment
2. Extension - Straightening of body segment
3. Abduction - moving a limb away from the body
4. Adduction -moving the limb toward the body
FLEXIBILITY MOVEMENT
SHOULDER
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal Rotation
External Rotation
37. FLEXIBILITY MOVEMENT
HIP
Extension (flex knee)
Flexion (flex knee)
Extension (straight leg)
Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
KNEE Flexion
Extension
ANKLE Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion
TRUNK
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lat. Flexion
39. People who make different physical activities and exercise helps to
control appetite, boosts mood, and improves sleeps. In the long term, it
reduces the risk of heart problems, stroke, diabetes, depression, and any
related diseases.
Physical activity is defined as any related movement that spends power,
flexibility.
Exercise also promotes positive physiological changes, such as
encouraging the heart to give a good condition more readily.
It also helps your nervous system which controls your heart rate and
blood pressure.
41. Basic Movement Patterns
One of the basic activity exercise movement is simply exercise
classification, which due to popularity has formed the foundation of
exercise selection. Once a strength and conditioning instructor determines
which basic movement patterns are essential for the students or athletes,
they will devise a battery test of different movements.
For example, a physical fitness test program movement pattern
of a track and field is a horizontal pulling action, as a result there is a vital
component of their training program.
42. Example of Basic Movement Patterns
Hip Hinge
This category of exercise is comprised of exercises that involve a
hinging motion at the hip joint, movement with a little knee movement. This hip
dominant kind of exercise is initiated by a contraction of the hip extensors and
spinal erectors to extend the hip.
These kinds of exercises tend to be more of pulling action.
43. Anti-Rotation
Exercises are designed to challenge the pelvic complex muscles
to prevent some any rotation in the transverse plane and improve stiffness
and stability of the spine.
There are some exercises that help dual purposes and sometimes the
purposes are potentially more effective in our body parts.
The following are anti-rotation exercises:
44. Types of Stretching
1. Passive Assisted Stretching - a partner assists the stretching.
2. Static Stretching - Technique is widely used and effective techniques of
stretching. This technique involves passively stretching a given antagonist muscle
by placing it in a maximal position of stretch and holding it there for an extended
time at least 3 to 6 seconds. The best way to improve flexibility is to do it
progressively.
3. Ballistic Stretch - involves an explosive, bouncing rhythmic movement of a
specific part of the body.
45. Movements
Basic movement skills are very important to an individual, if the
students have properly learned the basic skills they are confident and competent
enough to develop complex movement skills that will allow them to enjoy any
sports and physical activity without hesitation. They will surely move with ease
and free from injuries.
Two Practical Principles:
1. Use all the joints that can be used.
-The forces from each joint must be combined to produce the maximum effect
2. Use every joint in order.
-This principle tells us when the joints should
be used. Movement should begin with the big muscle group and move out
through the progressively smaller muscle, from big to small.
