Choosing the Right IoT Connectivity Standard

Avoid Choosing the Wrong
Connectivity for Your IoT Application
John Breitenbach
Field Applications Engineering Manager
Real-Time Innovations, Inc.
©2020 Real-Time Innovations, Inc.

The Industrial IoT is Smart Machine Infrastructure
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT)

Education
Colleges & Universities
Conferences & Workshops
Laboritories
Publication
Schools
Trade Schools
Aerospace & Defense
Air Force
Arrmy
Aviation
Home Land Security
Military
Navy
Space Flight
Agriculture
Farming
Fishing
Forestry
Hydrology
Life Sciences
Ranching
Weather
Buildings & Facilities
Apartments
Building & Construction
Building Maintenance
Building Security
Commercial Buildings
Construction
Engineering
Home
Housing Authorities
HVAC
Office
Real Estate
Consumer & Home
Automotive
Commercial Cooking
Consumer Products
Day Care
Elder Care
Entertainment
Food and Beverage
Food Trucks
Grocery
Home Products
Hospitality
Pet Care
Pharmacies
Photography
Recreation Services
Restaurants
Sporting Events
Street Vendors
Tourism
Travel
Energy & Utilities
Chemicals
Electric
Mining
Oil & Gas
Petro-Chemicals
Power
Renewable
Sewer
Water
Environment
Air Pollution Control
Biodiversity
Eco-construction
Environmental Monitoring & Instrumentation
Environmental Research & Development
Heat & Energy Saving and Management
Metrology
Nature Protection
Noise & Vibration Control
Oceanography
Recycled Materials
Remediation & Clean Up of Soil & Groundwater
Renewable Energy Production
Waste Management & Recycling
Waste Water Treatment
Water Supply
Finance & Banking
Accounting Systems
ATM Systems
Credit Card Systems
Point of Sales
Retail Banking
Public Sector
City
Civil Administration
Disaster Prevention
Education
Emergency & Crisis Response
Environment
Fire
Law Enforcement & Police
Municipalities & Counties
Public Safety
Public Security
Surveillance
Transportation
Waste Management
Water
Healthcare
Assisted Care
Clinical Trials
Connected Medical Devices
Continuous Patient Monitoring
Dentistry
Disease Diagnosis
Home Healthcare
Hospitals
Life Sciences
Medical Offices
Medical Therapy
Pharma
Pharmacies
Media & Communication
Cable Providers
Computers
Entertainment
Global Media
Phones
Satellite TV
Telecommunications Carriers
Televisions
Video Recorders
Wireless Services
Manufacturing
Apparel
Beverage & Tobacco Product
Chemicals
Computer & Electronic Products
Electrical Equipment & Components
Fabricated Metal Products
Factory
Food
Furniture & Related Products
Industrial Automation
Leather & Allied Products
Machinery
Nonmetallic Mineral Products
Paper
Petroleum & Coal
Plastics & Rubber Products
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Printing & Related Support Activities
Textile Mills
Textiles
Transportation Equipment
Wood Products
Mining & Metals
Aluminum
Coal
Diamonds &
Gemstones
General Mining
Gold
Iron & Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Platinum & Precious
Metals
Near Space & New Space
Closed Loop Ecological Systems
Closed Loop Living Systems
Constellation Controllers
Consumer Traffic Analytics
Ecological Planning
Environmental Monitoring
Hyper-Local Agriculture
Hyper-Local Construction
Hyper-Spectral Imaging
In-Flight Satelite Servicing
On-Site Materials Analytics and Inventory
On-Site Materials Optimization
Parametric City Planning
Parametric Construction Planning
Remote Maintenance and Diagnostics
Space Based Planning
Weather Pattern Analytics
Transportation
Aeronautics
Airport
Cargo Handling
Cruise Industry
Fleet Management
Freight Management
Logistics
Mobility
Pipelines
Postal & Delivery Services
Public Transportation
Rail
Roads
Shipping
Traffic Infrastructure
Transportation
Trucking
Vehicle
Wholesale & Distribution
Retail
Apparel Retailers
Broadline Retailers
Drug Retailers
Food Retailers &
Wholesalers
Home Improvement
Retailers
Specialized Consumer
Services
Specialty Retailers
The IIoT will have a multi-trillion-dollar
impact across all industries

The Industrial IoT Disruption
The real value is a common architecture that
connects sensor to cloud, interoperates
between vendors, and spans industries

THIS SLIDE IS FOR REFERENCE AND MARKETING’S USE ONLY. DELETE AFTER READING.
• Hundreds of device types
• 1,000+ patients
• 200,000+ devices
• Wired/wireless/ISM
• WAN/LAN
• Moving patients
• Real-time video
and waveforms
• 100% uptime
• Security
ENABLE IIoT STRATEGY

Agenda
• Intro to the IIC Connectivity Framework
• Levels of interoperability
• Frameworks, transports, and protocols
• Choosing a standard (in theory…)
• Choosng a standard (in practice!)

How Can We Build IIoT Systems?
IIoT Architecture

Industrial Internet Consortium: 270+ Companies, 3
IIC Founding and Contributing Members
The World’s Largest IoT Consortium
The IIC created the IIoT market

The Industrial Internet Connectivity Framework
• The industry’s only detailed analysis of IIoT
Connectivity Technologies
• Architecture
• Assessment
• Standards
–DDS
–OPC UA
–OneM2M
–HTTP
–MQTT
–CoAP
• Examples & selection guidance
• Years of work by many architects across
industries, standards, & technologies

IICF Goals
Clarity
GuidanceFoundation
Guide map to the rich but
often confusing landscape of
IIoT connectivity
Useful, practical, tangible
guidance for requirements
assessment, technology
evaluation and selection
Sets a stable long
term foundation for
IIoT interoperability

Levels of Interoperability
Shared data context
Shared data structure
Shared opaque data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_interoperability

Technical Interoperability Example…
Messages
Share opaque data (byte sequences)

Syntactic Interoperability
Messages
Data (State, Events, Streams)
TempType
value units
id
Share structured datatypes

Semantic Interoperability Example…
Messages
Information (Data in Context)
TempType
Room
value
72.4
units
DEGREES_F
id
202
TempType
Patient
value
37.1
units
DEGREES_C
id
Breitenbach
?
Share data-objects in context

Evolution of the IIoT Connectivity Stack
7-Layer OSI
Stack Model
(1994)
4-Layer Internet
Stack Model
(1989)
Industrial IoT
(2014)
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Interoperability and Management
Physical
Network
IIoT Connectivity
Stack Model
(2017)

IIoT Connectivity Stack Model
Connectivity
Information
Networking
IICF Focus
Participant X
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network
Participant Y
Messages
Packets
Frames
Bits
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network
Technical
Interoperability
(bytes)
Syntactic
Interoperability
(data structures)
Semantic
Interoperability
(data context)

Connectivity Transport Layer
• Above: Technical Interoperability
–Share byte sequences
–Opaque data
• Below: Byte protocol
–May observe byte flows & optimize
byte sequence sharing and delivery
• Any computing platform
Participant X
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network
Participant Y
Messages
Packets
Frames
Bits
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network

Connectivity Transport Layer
Transport
Link
Distributed Data Interoperability & Management
Framework
Connectivity
Transport
Functions
Physical
Network
Messaging Protocol
Endpoint
Addressing
Connectedness Prioritization
Timing &
Synchronization
Security
Communication Modes
Technical
Interoperability

Connectivity Framework Layer
• Above: Syntactic Interoperability
–Share structured datatypes
–Common and unambiguous data
format
• Below: Opaque Data
–May observe data flows & optimize
datatype sharing and delivery
• Any computing platform
• Any programming environment
Participant X
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network
Participant Y
Messages
Packets
Frames
Bits
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network

Connectivity Framework Layer
Transport
Link
Distributed Data Interoperability & Management
Framework
Quality
of
Service
Security
Publish-Subscribe Request-Reply Discovery
Data Resource Model
Id and Addressing Data Type System Lifecycle (CRUD)
Exception Handling
State
Management
Connectivity
Framework
Functions
Physical
Network
API Governance
Syntactic
Interoperability

Fundamental N2 Connectivity Challenge
Reality Check
Accept that there will be
multiple connectivity
technologies
• Brownfield
• Existing technologies
• May be specific to verticals
• Greenfield
• Innovation
O(N2)

Connectivity Core Standards Architecture
• Connectivity Core Standards
–Provide syntactic
interoperability
–Stable, deployed, open
standard
–Standard Core Gateways to all
other CCS
• Domain-Specific Connectivity
Technologies
–Connect via non-standard
gateway to any connectivity
core standard
Few Core Standards
Standard Core
Gateways
Many domain
technologies

Selecting the right connectivity
technology
Assessment Template Worksheets
Core Connectivity Standards

Assessment Template
• Which layers(s) of the Connectivity Stack
does it provide?
• What Core Functions does it provide?
• How does it rank against the Typical
Considerations (of the layers spanned) ?
• How does it impact system Architectural
Qualities?
• Does it fit Connectivity Core Standard
Criteria?
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Interoperability and
Management
Physical
Network

IICF Catalog of Connectivity Standards!
• Frameworks
• DDS
• OPC-UA
• oneM2M
• Transports
• HTTP
• MQTT
• CoAP

Connectivity Standards
Manufacturing Origin
TSN /
Ethernet
(802.1,
802.3)
DDS
Wireless
PAN
(802.15)
Wireless
2G/3G/LTE
(3GPP)
Wireless
LAN
(802.11 Wi-
Fi)
Internet Protocol (IP)
CoAP MQTT
Web
Services
Wireless
Wide Area
(802.16)
HTTPDDSI-RTPS
oneM2M OPC-UA
OPC-UA Bin
Telecommunications Origin
UDP TCPTCP
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
Network
Healthcare TransportationManufacturing… …
Energy &
Utilities

Core Connectivity Frameworks

IICF Architecture Process
 Use assessment template
worksheet to determine your
system requirements
 Pick the potential connectivity
core standard best aligned with
your system requirements
 Build a gateway for other domain-
specific connectivity technologies
Manufacturing
Origin
TS
N /
Eth
ern
et
(80
2.1
,
80
2.3
)
DDS
Wi
rel
es
s
PA
N
(8
02.
15
)
Wire
less
2G/3
G/LT
E
(3GP
P)
Wi
rel
es
s
LA
N
(8
02.
11
Wi
-
Fi)
Internet Protocol (IP)
C
o
A
P
M
Q
T
T
We
b
Ser
vic
es
Wi
rel
es
s
Wi
de
Ar
ea
(80
2.1
6)
HTTP
DDSI-RTPS
oneM2M OPC-UA
OPC
-UA
Bin
Telecommunicati ons
Origin
UDP TCP
T
C
P
Transport
Link
Framework
Distributed Data
Physical
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
Healthcare
Transportatio
n
Manufacturin
g
… …
Energy &
Utilities

Choosing a Connectivity Standard

IIoT Connectivity Perception
B
CA
X
Your
application:
Choose A or B
or C
Requirement 1, e.g. latency
Requirement2,e.g.fan-out

IIoT Connectivity Reality
B
CA
X
Clearly A
Clearly B
Interstellar
space
Your application:
Choose B; it’s the
best you’ll get
Requirement 1, e.g. latency
Requirement2,e.g.fan-out

How to Choose?
System Aspect Example User Approach Standard
Software Integration &
Autonomy
Software Architect
integrating components
Data-centric DDS
Device
interchangeability
Device manufacturer selling
devices to technicians
Device-
centric
OPC-UA
Web & Mobile User I/F App builder supporting
back-end services
RESTful Web services/HTTP
ICT integration Wide-area wireless telecom
integrator
Common
services
layer
oneM2M

DDS is Different!
Data-Centric
DDS
Shared Data Model
DataBus
Point-to-Point
TCP
Sockets
Client/Server
MQTT
XMPP
OPC
CORBA
Brokered
ESB
Daemon
Publish/Subscribe
Fieldbus
CANbus
ZeroMQ
JMS
Queuing
AMQP
Active MQ

Systems are About the Data
Data Centricity Definition
a) The interface is the data.
b) The infrastructure understands that data.
c) The system manages the data and imposes
rules on how applications exchange data.
Database Databus
Data centric storage and
search of old data
Application
Application
Message centric
Remote Objects
SOAs
Application
Application
Data
Data centric sharing and
filtering of future data

Choose DDS?
• Are there severe consequences if offline for a few mins/secs/msecs?
• Have you said “millisecond” or “microsecond” in the last 2 weeks?
• Do you have more than 10 programmers?
• Does your data have many destinations?
• Are you building a next-generation IIoT design?
3+ Yes?

OPC UA
• Device-Centric Object-Oriented
Framework
–Device models for common devices
–Integrate devices into workcells
–Client-server architecture
–Browseable address space
–New simple UDP pub-sub
Motor Starter 01
Configuration
Control Function Local Operation
Multifunction Input DI0
ParameterSet Motor Parameters
Motor Current Low
Motor Current High
Service Info
Number of Starts
Motor Starter 01
Parameter Set
Control Function
Local Operation
Configuration
Multifunction Input DIO
Motor Current Low
Motor Current High
Number of Starts
Motor Current Low
Motor Current High
Service Info
Address Space

Choose OPC UA?
• Are you in discrete manufacturing?
• Are you building a device that will be integrated by non-software
types?
• Will your product be used in different applications in different
systems, as opposed to a single type of system where you control the
architecture?
• Have you said the word “workcell” in the last two weeks?
3+ Yes?

One M2M
• Common Service Layer Architecture
–Services provided by telco
–Platform Tier (cloud) applications can
seamlessly connect to diverse IoT devices
over many protocols
• Targets home automation, large mobile
systems
• Typical uses
–Register and connect to devices
and applications
–Charge an account for service
–Manage application and devices
–Monitor systems

Choose OneM2M?
• Do you know what “ICT” stands for, and is that you?
• Is the cellular network your primary connection technology?
• Are your target applications largely composed of moving parts?
• Can the components of your system tolerate intermittent connections
and loosely-controlled latencies?
• Will your system leverage services provided by a communications
provider such as a telco?
3+ Yes?

MQTT: Collect Device Data
Message Queuing
Telemetry Transport
(MQTT)
Collect data
from sensors
MQTT does not qualify as a core connectivity
standard because it has no standard type system

Choose MQTT?
• Do you think of your application as data collection?
• Is there little device-device communications?
• Is interoperability not a consideration?
• Do you have many small devices?
• Is software a minor challenge?
3+ Yes?

The Industrial IoT Disruption
The real value is a common architecture that
connects sensor to cloud, interoperates
between vendors, and spans industries
You don’t compete against competitors.
You compete against market transitions.
– John Chambers

Get it!
FREE
1. Introduction
2. Connectivity Framework
3. Connectivity Reference Architecture
4. Connectivity Framework Layer
5. Connectivity Transport Layer
6. How to Assess a Connectivity Technology?
7. Connectivity Standards
8. Core Connectivity Standards
9. Other Connectivity Standards
10. Assessment Templates
https://www.iiconsortium.org/IICF.htm

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Thank you!
John Breitenbach
johnb@rti.com
LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/atlantex

Choosing the Right IoT Connectivity Standard

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